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The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Mehrnoosh Abtahi

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran)

  • Yadolah Fakhri

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran)

  • Gea Oliveri Conti

    (Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy)

  • Margherita Ferrante

    (Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy)

  • Mahmoud Taghavi

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran)

  • Javad Tavakoli

    (Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran)

  • Ali Heshmati

    (Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran)

  • Hassan Keramati

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran)

  • Bigard Moradi

    (Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran)

  • Nazak Amanidaz

    (Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran)

  • Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

    (Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil)

Abstract

In the current study, the concentration of some pollutants which are categorized as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and o-xylenes (o-X), in the air of Tehran was evaluated by the aid of a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Also, the health risk for the exposed population was estimated using the recommended methods by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The rank order based on their concentration in BTEX was benzene (149.18 µg/m 3 : 31%) > o-xylene (127.16 µg/m 3 : 27%) > ethylbenzene (110.15 µg/m 3 : 23%) > toluene (87.97 µg/m 3 : 19%). The ratio B/T in this study was calculated as 1.69, repressing that both stationary and mobile sources of emission can be considered as the main sources for benzene and toluene. Moreover, strong photochemical activity in Tehran was demonstrated by the high ratio of E/o-X. Meta-regression indicates that the concentration of BTEX has insignificantly ( p -value > 0.05) increased over time. The BTEX compounds based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) were ordered as benzene > o-xylene > ethylbenzene > toluene. Percentile 95% of THQ due to benzene (4.973) and o-xylene (1.272) was higher than a value of 1. Percentile 95% excessive cancer risk (ECR) for benzene (1.25 × 10 6 ) and ethylbenzene (1.11 × 10 6 ) was higher than a value of 1.00 × 10 6 . The health risk assessment indicated that the population of Tehran are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

Suggested Citation

  • Mehrnoosh Abtahi & Yadolah Fakhri & Gea Oliveri Conti & Margherita Ferrante & Mahmoud Taghavi & Javad Tavakoli & Ali Heshmati & Hassan Keramati & Bigard Moradi & Nazak Amanidaz & Amin Mousavi Khanegha, 2018. "The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:9:p:1837-:d:165711
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Puteri Nurafidah Hosaini & Md Firoz Khan & Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa & Norhaniza Amil & Noorlin Mohamad & Shoffian Amin Jaafar & Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir & Mohd Talib Latif, 2017. "Concentration and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 85(1), pages 437-452, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tatiana de Medeiros Carvalho Mendes & Juliana Pontes Soares & Pétala Tuani Cândido de Oliveira Salvador & Janete Lima de Castro, 2024. "Surveillance of Occupational Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds at Gas Stations: A Scoping Review Protocol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(5), pages 1-9, April.
    2. Corina Popitanu & Gabriela Cioca & Lucian Copolovici & Dennis Iosif & Florentina-Daniela Munteanu & Dana Copolovici, 2021. "The Seasonality Impact of the BTEX Pollution on the Atmosphere of Arad City, Romania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-11, May.
    3. Juexiu Li & Hongbo Zhang & Diwen Ying & Yalin Wang & Tonghua Sun & Jinping Jia, 2019. "In Plasma Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene Using Monolith CuO Foam as a Catalyst in a Wedged High Voltage Electrode Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor: Influence of Reaction Parameters and Byproduct C," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-14, February.

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    1. Corina Popitanu & Gabriela Cioca & Lucian Copolovici & Dennis Iosif & Florentina-Daniela Munteanu & Dana Copolovici, 2021. "The Seasonality Impact of the BTEX Pollution on the Atmosphere of Arad City, Romania," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-11, May.

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