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The Relationship between Persistent Organic Pollutants Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes among First Nations in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada: A Difference in Difference Analysis

Author

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  • Lesya Marushka

    (Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 180 Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada)

  • Xuefeng Hu

    (Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 180 Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada)

  • Malek Batal

    (Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, 2405 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Street, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada)

  • Tonio Sadik

    (Assembly of First Nations, 55 Metcalfe St #1600, Ottawa, ON K1P 6L5, Canada)

  • Harold Schwartz

    (Health Canada, Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB), Room 2000A Jeanne Mance Bldg. AL 1920A, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Amy Ing

    (Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, 2405 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Street, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada)

  • Karen Fediuk

    (Dietitian and Nutrition Researcher, Victoria, BC V8Y2V8, Canada)

  • Constantine Tikhonov

    (Health Canada, Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB), Room 2000A Jeanne Mance Bldg. AL 1920A, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada)

  • Hing Man Chan

    (Biology Department, University of Ottawa, 180 Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada)

Abstract

We previously studied the association between fish consumption and prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Manitoba and Ontario First Nations (FNs), Canada and found different results. In this study, we used a difference in difference model to analyze the data. Dietary and health data from the First Nations Food Nutrition and Environment Study, a cross-sectional study of 706 Manitoba and 1429 Ontario FNs were analyzed. The consumption of fish was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Fish samples were analyzed for dichloro diphenyldichloro ethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) content. Difference in difference model results showed that persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure was positively associated with T2D in a dose-response manner. Stronger positive associations were found among females (OR = 14.96 (3.72–60.11)) than in males (OR = 2.85 (1.14–8.04)). The breakpoints for DDE and PCB intake were 2.11 ng/kg/day and 1.47 ng/kg/day, respectively. Each further 1 ng/kg/day increase in DDE and PCB intake increased the risk of T2D with ORs 2.29 (1.26–4.17) and 1.44 (1.09–1.89), respectively. Our findings suggest that the balance of risk and benefits associated with fish consumption is highly dependent on the regional POP concentrations in fish.

Suggested Citation

  • Lesya Marushka & Xuefeng Hu & Malek Batal & Tonio Sadik & Harold Schwartz & Amy Ing & Karen Fediuk & Constantine Tikhonov & Hing Man Chan, 2018. "The Relationship between Persistent Organic Pollutants Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes among First Nations in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada: A Difference in Difference Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:3:p:539-:d:136747
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dariush Mozaffarian, 2009. "Fish, Mercury, Selenium and Cardiovascular Risk: Current Evidence and Unanswered Questions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(6), pages 1-23, June.
    2. Aline Philibert & Harold Schwartz & Donna Mergler, 2009. "An Exploratory Study of Diabetes in a First Nation Community with Respect to Serum Concentrations of p,p’ -DDE and PCBs and Fish Consumption," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(12), pages 1-11, December.
    3. Acton, K.J. & Ríos Burrows, N. & Moore, K. & Querec, L. & Geiss, L.S. & Engelgau, M.M., 2002. "Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native children, adolescents, and young adults," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(9), pages 1485-1490.
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    5. Ju-Sheng Zheng & Tao Huang & Jing Yang & Yuan-Qing Fu & Duo Li, 2012. "Marine N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Inversely Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Asians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(9), pages 1-14, September.
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