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Global Evidence on the Association between Cigarette Graphic Warning Labels and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence and Consumption

Author

Listed:
  • Anh Ngo

    (Department of Economics, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA)

  • Kai-Wen Cheng

    (Institute for Health Research and Policy, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA)

  • Ce Shang

    (Institute for Health Research and Policy, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA)

  • Jidong Huang

    (School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA)

  • Frank J. Chaloupka

    (Institute for Health Research and Policy, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
    Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA)

Abstract

Background : In 2011, the courts ruled in favor of tobacco companies in preventing the implementation of graphic warning labels (GWLs) in the US, stating that FDA had not established the effectiveness of GWLs in reducing smoking. Methods : Data came from various sources: the WHO MPOWER package (GWLs, MPOWER policy measures, cigarette prices), Euromonitor International (smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption), and the World Bank database (countries’ demographic characteristics). The datasets were aggregated and linked using country and year identifiers. Fractional logit regressions and OLS regressions were applied to examine the associations between GWLs and smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, controlling for MPOWER policy scores, cigarette prices, GDP per capita, unemployment, population aged 15–64 (%), aged 65 and over (%), year indicators, and country fixed effects. Results : GWLs were associated with a 0.9–3 percentage point decrease in adult smoking prevalence and were significantly associated with a reduction of 230–287 sticks in per capita cigarette consumption, compared to countries without GWLs. However, the association between GWLs and cigarette consumption became statistically insignificant once country indicators were included in the models. Conclusions : The implementation of GWLs may be associated with reduced cigarette smoking.

Suggested Citation

  • Anh Ngo & Kai-Wen Cheng & Ce Shang & Jidong Huang & Frank J. Chaloupka, 2018. "Global Evidence on the Association between Cigarette Graphic Warning Labels and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence and Consumption," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-9, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:3:p:421-:d:133884
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ce Shang & Jidong Huang & Kai-Wen Cheng & Yanyun He & Frank J. Chaloupka, 2017. "The Association between Warning Label Requirements and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence by Education-Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Chaloupka, Frank J. & Warner, Kenneth E., 2000. "The economics of smoking," Handbook of Health Economics, in: A. J. Culyer & J. P. Newhouse (ed.), Handbook of Health Economics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 29, pages 1539-1627, Elsevier.
    3. Guido W. Imbens & Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2009. "Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 47(1), pages 5-86, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Olivia Wynne & Billie Bonevski, 2018. "Developments in the Research Base on Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-4, August.

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