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Recreational Use of Spa Thermal Waters: Criticisms and Perspectives for Innovative Treatments

Author

Listed:
  • Federica Valeriani

    (Public Health Unit, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome 00135, Italy)

  • Lory Marika Margarucci

    (Public Health Unit, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome 00135, Italy)

  • Vincenzo Romano Spica

    (Public Health Unit, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome 00135, Italy)

Abstract

Natural spa springs are diffused all over the world and their use in pools is known since ancient times. This review underlines the cultural and social spa context focusing on hygiene issues, public health guidelines and emerging concerns regarding water management in wellness or recreational settings. The question of the "untouchability" of therapeutic natural waters and their incompatibility with traditional disinfection processes is addressed considering the demand for effective treatments that would respect the natural properties. Available strategies and innovative treatments are reviewed, highlighting potentials and limits for a sustainable management. Alternative approaches comprise nanotechnologies, photocatalysis systems, advanced filtration. State of the art and promising perspectives are reported considering the chemical-physical component and the biological natural complexity of the spa water microbiota.

Suggested Citation

  • Federica Valeriani & Lory Marika Margarucci & Vincenzo Romano Spica, 2018. "Recreational Use of Spa Thermal Waters: Criticisms and Perspectives for Innovative Treatments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:12:p:2675-:d:186001
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Erica Leoni & Federica Catalani & Sofia Marini & Laura Dallolio, 2018. "Legionellosis Associated with Recreational Waters: A Systematic Review of Cases and Outbreaks in Swimming Pools, Spa Pools, and Similar Environments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Marco Guida & Valeria Di Onofrio & Francesca Gallè & Renato Gesuele & Federica Valeriani & Renato Liguori & Vincenzo Romano Spica & Giorgio Liguori, 2016. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Swimming Pool Water: Evidences and Perspectives for a New Control Strategy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Antonios Papadakis & Dimosthenis Chochlakis & Eleftherios Koufakis & Vilelmine Carayanni & Anna Psaroulaki, 2024. "Recreational Water Safety in Hotels: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Way Forward for a Safe Aquatic Environment," Tourism and Hospitality, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Rosa Anaya-Aguilar & German Gemar & Carmen Anaya-Aguilar, 2021. "Challenges of Spa Tourism in Andalusia: Experts’ Proposed Solutions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.
    3. Agapi I. Doulgeraki & Vasiliki Bikouli & Anthoula A. Argyri & Nikos Chorianopoulos & Elisavet Mitre & Georgia Charvourou & Patra Sourri & Chrysoula C. Tassou & Alexandra Oikonomou, 2020. "Exploring the Bacterial Communities of the Kaiafas Thermal Spring Anigrides Nymphes in Greece Prior to Rehabilitation Actions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-12, December.

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