IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v15y2018i12p2675-d186001.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Recreational Use of Spa Thermal Waters: Criticisms and Perspectives for Innovative Treatments

Author

Listed:
  • Federica Valeriani

    (Public Health Unit, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome 00135, Italy)

  • Lory Marika Margarucci

    (Public Health Unit, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome 00135, Italy)

  • Vincenzo Romano Spica

    (Public Health Unit, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome 00135, Italy)

Abstract

Natural spa springs are diffused all over the world and their use in pools is known since ancient times. This review underlines the cultural and social spa context focusing on hygiene issues, public health guidelines and emerging concerns regarding water management in wellness or recreational settings. The question of the "untouchability" of therapeutic natural waters and their incompatibility with traditional disinfection processes is addressed considering the demand for effective treatments that would respect the natural properties. Available strategies and innovative treatments are reviewed, highlighting potentials and limits for a sustainable management. Alternative approaches comprise nanotechnologies, photocatalysis systems, advanced filtration. State of the art and promising perspectives are reported considering the chemical-physical component and the biological natural complexity of the spa water microbiota.

Suggested Citation

  • Federica Valeriani & Lory Marika Margarucci & Vincenzo Romano Spica, 2018. "Recreational Use of Spa Thermal Waters: Criticisms and Perspectives for Innovative Treatments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-22, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:12:p:2675-:d:186001
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/12/2675/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/12/2675/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Erica Leoni & Federica Catalani & Sofia Marini & Laura Dallolio, 2018. "Legionellosis Associated with Recreational Waters: A Systematic Review of Cases and Outbreaks in Swimming Pools, Spa Pools, and Similar Environments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Marco Guida & Valeria Di Onofrio & Francesca Gallè & Renato Gesuele & Federica Valeriani & Renato Liguori & Vincenzo Romano Spica & Giorgio Liguori, 2016. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Swimming Pool Water: Evidences and Perspectives for a New Control Strategy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rosa Anaya-Aguilar & German Gemar & Carmen Anaya-Aguilar, 2021. "Challenges of Spa Tourism in Andalusia: Experts’ Proposed Solutions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Agapi I. Doulgeraki & Vasiliki Bikouli & Anthoula A. Argyri & Nikos Chorianopoulos & Elisavet Mitre & Georgia Charvourou & Patra Sourri & Chrysoula C. Tassou & Alexandra Oikonomou, 2020. "Exploring the Bacterial Communities of the Kaiafas Thermal Spring Anigrides Nymphes in Greece Prior to Rehabilitation Actions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-12, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Agapi I. Doulgeraki & Vasiliki Bikouli & Anthoula A. Argyri & Nikos Chorianopoulos & Elisavet Mitre & Georgia Charvourou & Patra Sourri & Chrysoula C. Tassou & Alexandra Oikonomou, 2020. "Exploring the Bacterial Communities of the Kaiafas Thermal Spring Anigrides Nymphes in Greece Prior to Rehabilitation Actions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Maša Knežević & Dobrica Rončević & Darija Vukić Lušić & Mirna Mihelčić & Rok Kogoj & Darja Keše & Marin Glad & Arijana Cenov & Mateja Ožanič & Daniela Glažar Ivče & Marina Šantić, 2022. "Decreasing Pasteurization Treatment Efficiency against Amoeba-Grown Legionella pneumophila —Recognized Public Health Risk Factor," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:12:p:2675-:d:186001. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.