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Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa

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  • Philip A. May

    (Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 28081, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
    Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA)

  • Marlene M. De Vries

    (Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa)

  • Anna-Susan Marais

    (Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa)

  • Wendy O. Kalberg

    (Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA)

  • David Buckley

    (Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA)

  • Colleen M. Adnams

    (Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa)

  • Julie M. Hasken

    (Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 28081, USA)

  • Barbara Tabachnick

    (Emerita of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA)

  • Luther K. Robinson

    (Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA)

  • Melanie A. Manning

    (Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Heidre Bezuidenhout

    (Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa)

  • Margaret P. Adam

    (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Kenneth L. Jones

    (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA)

  • Soraya Seedat

    (Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa)

  • Charles D.H. Parry

    (Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
    Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa)

  • H. Eugene Hoyme

    (Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
    Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
    Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA)

Abstract

Background : Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and total fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) were studied in a second sample of three South African rural communities to assess change. Methods : Active case ascertainment focused on children with height, weight and/or head circumference ≤25th centile and randomly-selected children. Final diagnoses were based on dysmorphology, neurobehavioral scores, and maternal risk interviews. Results : Cardinal facial features, head circumference, and total dysmorphology scores differentiated specific FASD diagnostic categories in a somewhat linear fashion but all FASD traits were significantly worse than those of randomly-selected controls. Neurodevelopmental delays were significantly worse for children with FASD than controls. Binge alcohol use was clearly documented as the proximal maternal risk factor for FASD, and significant distal risk factors were: low body mass, education, and income; high gravidity, parity, and age at birth of the index child. FAS rates continue to extremely high in these communities at 89–129 per 1000 children. Total FASD affect 196–276 per 1000 or 20–28% of the children in these communities. Conclusions : Very high rates of FASD persist in these general populations where regular, heavy drinking, often in a binge fashion, co-occurs with low socioeconomic conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Philip A. May & Marlene M. De Vries & Anna-Susan Marais & Wendy O. Kalberg & David Buckley & Colleen M. Adnams & Julie M. Hasken & Barbara Tabachnick & Luther K. Robinson & Melanie A. Manning & Heidre, 2017. "Replication of High Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence Rates, Child Characteristics, and Maternal Risk Factors in a Second Sample of Rural Communities in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-22, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:5:p:522-:d:98496
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. King, A.C., 1994. "Enhancing the self-report of alcohol consumption in the community: Two questionnaire formats," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 84(2), pages 294-296.
    2. May, P.A. & Brooke, L. & Gossage, J.P. & Croxford, J. & Adnams, C. & Jones, K.L. & Robinson, L. & Viljoen, D., 2000. "Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome in a South African community in the Western Cape Province," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 90(12), pages 1905-1912.
    3. Giorgie Petković & Ingeborg Barišić, 2013. "Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Maternal Characteristics in a Sample of Schoolchildren from a Rural Province of Croatia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-15, April.
    4. May, P.A. & Gossage, J.P. & Brooke, L.E. & Snell, C.L. & Marais, A.-S. & Hendricks, L.S. & Croxford, J.A. & Viljoen, D.L., 2005. "Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: A population-based study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 95(7), pages 1190-1199.
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    1. Babatope O. Adebiyi & Ferdinand C. Mukumbang & Lizahn G. Cloete & Anna-Marie Beytell, 2019. "Policymakers’ Perspectives Towards Developing a Guideline to Inform Policy on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-20, March.
    2. Melissa Lubbe & Corné Van Walbeek & Nicole Vellios, 2017. "The Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Its Impact on a Child’s Classroom Performance: A Case Study of a Rural South African School," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-10, August.
    3. Philip A. May & Anna-Susan Marais & Marlene De Vries & Julie M. Hasken & Julie M. Stegall & Dixie M. Hedrick & Cudore L. Snell & Soraya Seedat & Charles D.H. Parry, 2019. "“The Dop System of Alcohol Distribution is Dead, but It’s Legacy Lives On….”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-17, October.

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