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A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies

Author

Listed:
  • Amanda Letheren

    (Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Stephanie Hill

    (Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Jeanmarie Salie

    (Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • James Parkman

    (Lindsay Young Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

  • Jiangang Chen

    (Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA)

Abstract

Hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand, HWA) remains the single greatest threat to the health and sustainability of hemlock in the eastern USA. The loss of hemlock trees leads to further negative impacts on the diversity and stability of ecosystems in the eastern part of North America. It is, therefore, urgent to develop effective control measures to reduce HWA populations and promote overall hemlock health. Currently available individual and integrated approaches should continue to be evaluated in the laboratory and in the field along with the development of other new and innovative methods.

Suggested Citation

  • Amanda Letheren & Stephanie Hill & Jeanmarie Salie & James Parkman & Jiangang Chen, 2017. "A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:4:p:438-:d:96212
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Caspar A. Hallmann & Ruud P. B. Foppen & Chris A. M. van Turnhout & Hans de Kroon & Eelke Jongejans, 2014. "Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations," Nature, Nature, vol. 511(7509), pages 341-343, July.
    2. Daniel Cressey, 2015. "Bee studies stir up pesticide debate," Nature, Nature, vol. 520(7548), pages 416-416, April.
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