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Low-Level Toxic Metal Exposure in Healthy Weaning-Age Infants: Association with Growth, Dietary Intake, and Iron Deficiency

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  • Jungil Choi

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)

  • Ju Young Chang

    (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea)

  • Jeana Hong

    (Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Korea)

  • Sue Shin

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea)

  • Jeong Su Park

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea)

  • Sohee Oh

    (Department of Medical Statistics, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea)

Abstract

Even low levels of toxic metal exposure (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in infancy might be harmful to children’s development. This study investigated toxic metal exposure on healthy weaning-age infants and its relationship with growth, diet, and iron/anemia status. The weight, height, head circumference, whole blood levels of four toxic metals, hemoglobin, and serum ferritin of healthy infants was measured. Among 210 infants with a median age of 11.4 months (interquartile range: 10.5–12.0), the median levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 1.2 μg/L, 0.05 μg/L, 0.8 μg/L, and 0.83 μg/dL, respectively. In adjusted linear regression models, post-birth weight gain (Pb) and current head circumference (As, Pb) were negatively associated with toxic metal levels. In multiple linear regression or logistic regression analysis, the duration of breastfeeding (all four metals), perceived adequacy of rice-based food intake (As), regular fish intake (As, Hg), and iron deficiency with/without anemia (Cd, Pb) were associated with increased toxic metal levels. Although levels of toxic metals may not usually be high in this population, individual exposure risk may need to be assessed after considering the type of feeding or intake of complementary foods and the iron/anemia status while evaluating growth status during late infancy.

Suggested Citation

  • Jungil Choi & Ju Young Chang & Jeana Hong & Sue Shin & Jeong Su Park & Sohee Oh, 2017. "Low-Level Toxic Metal Exposure in Healthy Weaning-Age Infants: Association with Growth, Dietary Intake, and Iron Deficiency," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:4:p:388-:d:95122
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yu-Mi Kim & Jin-Young Chung & Hyun Sook An & Sung Yong Park & Byoung-Gwon Kim & Jong Woon Bae & Myoungseok Han & Yeon Jean Cho & Young-Seoub Hong, 2015. "Biomonitoring of Lead, Cadmium, Total Mercury, and Methylmercury Levels in Maternal Blood and in Umbilical Cord Blood at Birth in South Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-12, October.
    2. Ju Young Chang & Jeong Su Park & Sue Shin & Hye Ran Yang & Jin Soo Moon & Jae Sung Ko, 2015. "Mercury Exposure in Healthy Korean Weaning-Age Infants: Association with Growth, Feeding and Fish Intake," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-21, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Deniz Yeter & Ellen C. Banks & Michael Aschner, 2020. "Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-26, February.

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