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25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Risk for Colorectal Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies

Author

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  • Cem Ekmekcioglu

    (Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria)

  • Daniela Haluza

    (Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria)

  • Michael Kundi

    (Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria)

Abstract

Epidemiological evidence suggests an association between low vitamin D status and risk for various outcomes including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Analyzing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the most established means to evaluate an individual’s vitamin D status. However, cutoff values for 25(OH)D insufficiency as well as for optimal 25(OH)D levels are controversial. This systematic review critically summarizes the epidemiological evidence regarding 25(OH)D levels and the risk for colorectal cancer and T2DM. The meta-analytical calculation revealed a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.62 (CI 0.56–0.70; I 2 = 14.7%) for colorectal cancer and an RR of 0.66 (CI 0.61–0.73; I 2 = 38.6%) for T2DM when comparing individuals with the highest category of 25(OH)D with those in the lowest. A dose–response analysis showed an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and RR for both outcomes up to concentrations of about 55 ng/mL for colorectal cancer and about 65 ng/mL for T2DM. At still higher 25(OH)D levels the RR increases slightly, consistent with a U-shaped association. In conclusion, a higher 25(OH)D status is associated with a lower risk for colorectal cancer and T2DM; however, this advantage is gradually lost as levels increase beyond 50–60 ng/mL.

Suggested Citation

  • Cem Ekmekcioglu & Daniela Haluza & Michael Kundi, 2017. "25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Risk for Colorectal Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-26, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:2:p:127-:d:88942
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Garland, C.F. & Kim, J.J. & Mohr, S.B. & Gorham, E.D. & Grant, W.B. & Giovannucci, E.L. & Baggerly, L. & Hofflich, H. & Ramsdell, J.W. & Zeng, K. & Heaney, R.P., 2014. "Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 104(8), pages 43-50.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hanns Moshammer & Stana Simic & Daniela Haluza, 2017. "UV-Radiation: From Physics to Impacts," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-5, February.
    2. Cornelia Zeitler & Robert Fritz & Gerhard Smekal & Cem Ekmekcioglu, 2018. "Association Between the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Physical Performance in Healthy Recreational Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, December.

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