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Psychological Distress and Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Symptoms Following the 2016 Earthquake in Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador

Author

Listed:
  • Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra

    (Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA)

  • Anita Hargrave

    (Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA)

  • Avriel Diaz

    (Department of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology at Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA)

  • Aileen Kenneson

    (Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA)

  • David Madden

    (Walking Palms Global Initiative, Bahía de Caráquez 131401, Manabí Province, Ecuador)

  • Moory M. Romero

    (Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA)

  • Juan Pablo Molina

    (Ministry of Health, San Vicente 131458, Manabí Province, Ecuador)

  • David Macias Saltos

    (Ministry of Health, San Vicente 131458, Manabí Province, Ecuador)

Abstract

On 16 April 2016, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck coastal Ecuador, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity, damages to infrastructure, and psychological trauma. This event coincided with the first outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) and co-circulation with dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We tested whether the degree of psychological distress was associated with the presence of suspected DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV (DCZ) infections three months after the earthquake. In July 2016, 601 household members from four communities in Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí Province, Ecuador, were surveyed in a post-disaster health evaluation. Information was collected on demographics, physical damages and injuries, chronic diseases, self-reported psychological distress, and DCZ symptoms. We calculated the prevalence of arbovirus and distress symptoms by community. ANOVA was used to compare the mean number of psychological distress symptoms between people with versus without suspected DCZ infections by age, gender, community and the need to sleep outside of the home due to damages. The prevalence of suspected DCZ infections was 9.7% and the prevalence of psychological distress was 58.1%. The average number of psychological distress symptoms was significantly higher among people with suspected DCZ infections in the periurban community of Bella Vista, in women, in adults 40–64 years of age and in individuals not sleeping at home ( p < 0.05). The results of this study highlight the need to investigate the interactions between psychological distress and arboviral infections following natural disasters.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra & Anita Hargrave & Avriel Diaz & Aileen Kenneson & David Madden & Moory M. Romero & Juan Pablo Molina & David Macias Saltos, 2017. "Psychological Distress and Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Symptoms Following the 2016 Earthquake in Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:12:p:1516-:d:121722
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vasquez, D. & Palacio, A. & Nuñez, J. & Briones, W. & Beier, J.C. & Pareja, D.C. & Tamariz, L., 2017. "Impact of the 2016 Ecuador earthquake on Zika virus cases," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 107(7), pages 1137-1142.
    2. Weiqing Zhang & Hui Liu & Xiaolian Jiang & Dongmei Wu & Yali Tian, 2014. "A Longitudinal Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Its Relationship with Coping Skill and Locus of Control in Adolescents after an Earthquake in China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-7, February.
    3. S.-H. Chen & Y.-C. Wu, 2006. "Changes of PTSD Symptoms and School Reconstruction: A Two-year Prospective Study of Children and Adolescents after the Taiwan 921 Earthquake," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 37(1), pages 225-244, February.
    4. repec:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2017.303769_1 is not listed on IDEAS
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Adyro Martínez-Bello & Antonio López-Quílez & Alexander Torres Prieto, 2018. "Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Zika and Dengue Infections within Colombia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, June.

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