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Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Heather Moody

    (Department of Environmental Science, Siena Heights University, 1247 East Siena Heights Drive, Adrian, MI 49221, USA)

  • Sue C. Grady

    (Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Road, Room 207, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

Abstract

Objective : The purpose of this research is to geographically model airborne lead emission concentrations and total lead deposition in the Detroit Metropolitan Area (DMA) from 2006 to 2013. Further, this study characterizes the racial and socioeconomic composition of recipient neighborhoods and estimates the potential for IQ (Intelligence Quotient) loss of children residing there. Methods : Lead emissions were modeled from emitting facilities in the DMA using AERMOD (American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model). Multilevel modeling was used to estimate local racial residential segregation, controlling for poverty. Global Moran’s I bivariate spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to assess modeled emissions with increasing segregation. Results : Lead emitting facilities were primarily located in, and moving to, highly black segregated neighborhoods regardless of poverty levels—a phenomenon known as environmental injustice. The findings from this research showed three years of elevated airborne emission concentrations in these neighborhoods to equate to a predicted 1.0 to 3.0 reduction in IQ points for children living there. Across the DMA there are many areas where annual lead deposition was substantially higher than recommended for aquatic (rivers, lakes, etc.) and terrestrial (forests, dunes, etc.) ecosystems. These lead levels result in decreased reproductive and growth rates in plants and animals, and neurological deficits in vertebrates. Conclusions : This lead-hazard and neighborhood context assessment will inform future childhood lead exposure studies and potential health consequences in the DMA.

Suggested Citation

  • Heather Moody & Sue C. Grady, 2017. "Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:12:p:1445-:d:120133
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Douglas Massey & Jonathan Tannen, 2015. "A Research Note on Trends in Black Hypersegregation," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(3), pages 1025-1034, June.
    2. Troy D. Abel & Debra J. Salazar & Patricia Robert, 2015. "States of Environmental Justice: Redistributive Politics across the United States, 1993–2004," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 32(2), pages 200-225, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhen Zhen & Qianqian Cao & Liyang Shao & Lianjun Zhang, 2018. "Global and Geographically Weighted Quantile Regression for Modeling the Incident Rate of Children’s Lead Poisoning in Syracuse, NY, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Deniz Yeter & Ellen C. Banks & Michael Aschner, 2020. "Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-26, February.
    3. Joseph Gibbons & Tse-Chuan Yang & Elizabeth Brault & Michael Barton, 2020. "Evaluating Residential Segregation’s Relation to the Clustering of Poor Health across American Cities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-18, June.
    4. Heather A. Moody & Sue C. Grady, 2021. "Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: Impact of Pollution, Housing Age and Neighborhood Racial Isolation and Poverty on Blood Lead in Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Amanda Pavan & Sue C. Grady & Igor Vojnovic, 2023. "Racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to risk-screening environmental indicator (RSEI) toxicity-weighted concentrations: Michigan Census Tracts, 2008–2017," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 13(2), pages 221-239, June.
    6. Jingwei Xiang & Weina Zhang & Xiaoqing Song & Jiangfeng Li, 2019. "Impacts of Precipitation and Temperature on Changes in the Terrestrial Ecosystem Pattern in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-26, December.

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