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Hispanic and Immigrant Paradoxes in U.S. Breast Cancer Mortality: Impact of Neighborhood Poverty and Hispanic Density

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  • Sandi L. Pruitt

    (Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
    Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA)

  • Jasmin A. Tiro

    (Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
    Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA)

  • Lei Xuan

    (Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA)

  • Simon J. Craddock Lee

    (Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
    Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA)

Abstract

To test the Hispanic and Immigrant Paradoxes—i.e., survival advantages despite a worse risk factor profile—and the modifying role of neighborhood context, we examined associations between patient ethnicity, birthplace, neighborhood Hispanic density and neighborhood poverty among 166,254 female breast cancer patients diagnosed 1995–2009 in Texas, U.S. Of all, 79.9% were non-Hispanic White, 15.8% Hispanic U.S.-born, and 4.2% Hispanic foreign-born. We imputed birthplace for the 60.7% of Hispanics missing birthplace data using multiple imputation. Shared frailty Cox proportional hazard models (patients nested within census tracts) adjusted for age, diagnosis year, stage, grade, histology, urban/rural residence, and local mammography capacity. Whites (vs. U.S.-born Hispanics) had increased all-cause and breast cancer mortality. Foreign-born (vs. U.S.-born) Hispanics had increased all-cause and breast cancer mortality. Living in higher Hispanic density neighborhoods was generally associated with increased mortality, although associations differed slightly in magnitude and significance by ethnicity, birthplace, and neighborhood poverty. We found no evidence of an Immigrant Paradox and some evidence of a Hispanic Paradox where protective effects were limited to U.S.-born Hispanics. Contrary to prior studies, foreign birthplace and residence in higher Hispanic density neighborhoods were associated with increased mortality. More research on intersections between ethnicity, birthplace and neighborhood context are needed.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandi L. Pruitt & Jasmin A. Tiro & Lei Xuan & Simon J. Craddock Lee, 2016. "Hispanic and Immigrant Paradoxes in U.S. Breast Cancer Mortality: Impact of Neighborhood Poverty and Hispanic Density," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-14, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:12:p:1238-:d:85206
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. Amin Bemanian & Laura D. Cassidy & Raphael Fraser & Purushottam W. Laud & Kia Saeian & Kirsten M. M. Beyer, 2021. "Ecological Study of Variability in the Relationship between Liver Cancer Mortality and Racial Residential Segregation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-12, September.
    4. Peter Baade, 2017. "Geographical Variation in Breast Cancer Outcomes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-3, May.

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