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A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Drinking-Water Nitrate and Congenital Anomalies Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Develop Individual-Level Exposure Estimates

Author

Listed:
  • Caitlin E. Holtby

    (Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada)

  • Judith R. Guernsey

    (Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Alexander C. Allen

    (Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • John A. VanLeeuwen

    (Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Victoria M. Allen

    (Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Robert J. Gordon

    (School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Animal studies and epidemiological evidence suggest an association between prenatal exposure to drinking water with elevated nitrate (NO 3 -N) concentrations and incidence of congenital anomalies. This study used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to derive individual-level prenatal drinking-water nitrate exposure estimates from measured nitrate concentrations from 140 temporally monitored private wells and 6 municipal water supplies. Cases of major congenital anomalies in Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada, between 1988 and 2006 were selected from province-wide population-based perinatal surveillance databases and matched to controls from the same databases. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression was performed to test for an association between drinking-water nitrate exposure and congenital anomalies after adjusting for clinically relevant risk factors. Employing all nitrate data there was a trend toward increased risk of congenital anomalies for increased nitrate exposure levels though this was not statistically significant. After stratification of the data by conception before or after folic acid supplementation, an increased risk of congenital anomalies for nitrate exposure of 1.5–5.56 mg/L (2.44; 1.05–5.66) and a trend toward increased risk for >5.56 mg/L (2.25; 0.92–5.52) was found. Though the study is likely underpowered, these results suggest that drinking-water nitrate exposure may contribute to increased risk of congenital anomalies at levels below the current Canadian maximum allowable concentration.

Suggested Citation

  • Caitlin E. Holtby & Judith R. Guernsey & Alexander C. Allen & John A. VanLeeuwen & Victoria M. Allen & Robert J. Gordon, 2014. "A Population-Based Case-Control Study of Drinking-Water Nitrate and Congenital Anomalies Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Develop Individual-Level Exposure Estimates," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-21, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:11:y:2014:i:2:p:1803-1823:d:32726
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Malloy, M.H. & Kleinman, J.C. & Bakewell, J.M. & Schramm, W.F. & Land, G.H., 1989. "Maternal smoking during pregnancy: No association with congenital malformations in Missouri 1980-83," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 79(9), pages 1243-1246.
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    Cited by:

    1. Callum Lowe & Johanna Kurscheid & Aparna Lal & Ross Sadler & Matthew Kelly & Donald Stewart & Budi Laksono & Salvador Amaral & Darren Gray, 2021. "Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water in Central Java, Indonesia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-10, March.
    2. Mary H. Ward & Rena R. Jones & Jean D. Brender & Theo M. De Kok & Peter J. Weyer & Bernard T. Nolan & Cristina M. Villanueva & Simone G. Van Breda, 2018. "Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-31, July.

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