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Optimal Scheduling and Real-Time State-of-Charge Management of Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation

Author

Listed:
  • Jin-Sun Yang

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea)

  • Jin-Young Choi

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea)

  • Geon-Ho An

    (Department of Power Grid Integration of Research and Development (R&D) Center, Hyosung Corporation, Anyang 14080, Korea)

  • Young-Jun Choi

    (Department of Power Grid Integration of Research and Development (R&D) Center, Hyosung Corporation, Anyang 14080, Korea)

  • Myoung-Hoe Kim

    (Department of Power Grid Integration of Research and Development (R&D) Center, Hyosung Corporation, Anyang 14080, Korea)

  • Dong-Jun Won

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea)

Abstract

An energy storage system (ESS) in a power system facilitates tasks such as renewable integration, peak shaving, and the use of ancillary services. Among the various functions of an ESS, this study focused on frequency regulation (or secondary reserve). This paper presents an optimal scheduling algorithm for frequency regulation by an ESS. This algorithm determines the bidding capacity and base point of an ESS in each operational period to achieve the maximum profit within a stable state-of-charge ( SOC ) range. However, the charging/discharging efficiency of an ESS causes SOC errors whenever the ESS performs frequency regulation. With an increase in SOC errors, the ESS cannot respond to an automatic generation control (AGC) signal. This situation results in low ESS performance scores, and finally, the ESS is disqualified from performing frequency regulation. This paper also presents a real-time SOC management algorithm aimed at solving the SOC error problem in real-time operations. This algorithm compensates for SOC errors by changing the base point of the ESS. The optimal scheduling algorithm is implemented in MATLAB by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. In addition, changes in the SOC when the ESS performs frequency regulation in a real-time operation are confirmed using the PSCAD/EMTDC tool. The simulation results show that the optimal scheduling algorithm manages the SOC more efficiently than a commonly employed planning method. In addition, the proposed real-time SOC management algorithm is confirmed to be capable of performing SOC recovery.

Suggested Citation

  • Jin-Sun Yang & Jin-Young Choi & Geon-Ho An & Young-Jun Choi & Myoung-Hoe Kim & Dong-Jun Won, 2016. "Optimal Scheduling and Real-Time State-of-Charge Management of Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-13, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:9:y:2016:i:12:p:1010-:d:84059
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Paolo Scarabaggio & Raffaele Carli & Graziana Cavone & Mariagrazia Dotoli, 2020. "Smart Control Strategies for Primary Frequency Regulation through Electric Vehicles: A Battery Degradation Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-19, September.
    2. Fabio Bignucolo & Alberto Cerretti & Massimiliano Coppo & Andrea Savio & Roberto Turri, 2017. "Impact of Distributed Generation Grid Code Requirements on Islanding Detection in LV Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Timur Yunusov & Maximilian J. Zangs & William Holderbaum, 2017. "Control of Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-5, July.
    4. Chunghun Kim & Eduard Muljadi & Chung Choo Chung, 2017. "Coordinated Control of Wind Turbine and Energy Storage System for Reducing Wind Power Fluctuation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, December.
    5. Ihsan Ullah & Muhammad Babar Rasheed & Thamer Alquthami & Shahzadi Tayyaba, 2019. "A Residential Load Scheduling with the Integration of On-Site PV and Energy Storage Systems in Micro-Grid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-36, December.
    6. Hyung-Seung Kim & Junho Hong & In-Sun Choi, 2021. "Implementation of Distributed Autonomous Control Based Battery Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, May.
    7. Hun-Chul Seo, 2017. "New Configuration and Novel Reclosing Procedure of Distribution System for Utilization of BESS as UPS in Smart Grid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-16, March.
    8. Thai-Thanh Nguyen & Hyeong-Jun Yoo & Hak-Man Kim, 2017. "Analyzing the Impacts of System Parameters on MPC-Based Frequency Control for a Stand-Alone Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, March.

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