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Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation

Author

Listed:
  • Loredana Cristaldi

    (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

  • Marco Faifer

    (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

  • Christian Laurano

    (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

  • Emil Petkovski

    (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

  • Ferdinanda Ponci

    (Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems, E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany)

  • Igor Sowa

    (Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems, E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany)

  • Sergio Toscani

    (Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the nominal value. Nevertheless, full participation in PFR of PV systems, without battery storage, would require operating with a dedicated active power reserve to be utilized in the event of underfrequency conditions. This paper presents a model-based (MB) flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for PV systems. Results of a microgrid simulation show that the proposed algorithm enables a PV system with a nominal power of 100 kW to maintain a 20 kW active power reserve under various irradiation and temperature conditions, with a relative error lower than 3%. Furthermore, a simulation of the PV system assisting in primary frequency regulation is presented. Thanks to the proposed strategy, when employing the algorithm, the frequency deviation is reduced both in the event of underfrequency and overfrequency conditions. By enabling operation with a constant active power reserve, as well as a quick adjustment of the produced active power, in the event of frequency imbalance, the proposed MB algorithm is an interesting candidate for achieving complete PFR capabilities of PV systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Loredana Cristaldi & Marco Faifer & Christian Laurano & Emil Petkovski & Ferdinanda Ponci & Igor Sowa & Sergio Toscani, 2024. "Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:9:p:2049-:d:1383013
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jishu Mary Gomez & Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam, 2022. "Flexible Power Point Tracking Using a Neural Network for Power Reserve Control in a Grid-Connected PV System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-17, November.
    2. Olga Poliak & Doron Shmilovitz, 2023. "Power Reserve from Photovoltaics for Improving Frequency Response in the Isolated System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-20, April.
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