IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i3p678-d1330349.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimizing CO 2 -Water Injection Ratio in Heterogeneous Reservoirs: Implications for CO 2 Geo-Storage

Author

Listed:
  • Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi

    (Oil and Gas Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
    Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia)

Abstract

The performance of carbon geo-sequestration is influenced by several parameters, such as the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the characteristics of the caprock, the wettability of the rock, and the salinity of the aquifer brine. Although many characteristics, like the formation geology, are fixed and cannot be altered, it is feasible to choose and manipulate other parameters in order to design an optimized storage programme such as the implementation of CO 2 injection techniques, including continuous injection or water alternating CO 2 , which can significantly increase storage capacity and guarantee secure containment. Although WAG (water-alternating-gas) technology has been widely applied in several industrial sectors such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO 2 geo-sequestration, the impact of the CO 2 -to-water ratio on the performance of CO 2 geo-sequestration in heterogeneous formations has not been investigated. In this study, we have constructed a 3D heterogeneous reservoir model to simulate the injection of water alternating gas in deep reservoirs. We have tested several CO 2 -water ratios, specifically the 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 ratios. Additionally, we have estimated the capacity of CO 2 trapping, as well as the mobility and migration of CO 2 . Our findings indicate that injecting a low ratio of CO 2 to water (specifically 1:2) resulted in a much better performance compared to situations with no water injection and high CO 2 -water ratios. The residual and solubility trappings were notably increased by 11% and 19%, respectively, but the presence of free mobile CO 2 was reduced by 27%. Therefore, in the reservoir under investigation, the lower CO 2 -water ratio is recommended due to its improvement in CO 2 storage capacity and containment security.

Suggested Citation

  • Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi, 2024. "Optimizing CO 2 -Water Injection Ratio in Heterogeneous Reservoirs: Implications for CO 2 Geo-Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:3:p:678-:d:1330349
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/3/678/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/3/678/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Si Le Van & Bo Hyun Chon, 2017. "Applicability of an Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Water-Alternating-CO 2 Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-20, June.
    2. Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi & Doaa Saleh Mahdi & Yujie Yuan & Stefan Iglauer, 2023. "Influence of Clay Content on CO 2 -Rock Interaction and Mineral-Trapping Capacity of Sandstone Reservoirs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-14, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi & Doaa Saleh Mahdi, 2019. "Apparent Viscosity Prediction of Water-Based Muds Using Empirical Correlation and an Artificial Neural Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-10, August.
    2. Bocoum, Alassane Oumar & Rasaei, Mohammad Reza, 2023. "Multi-objective optimization of WAG injection using machine learning and data-driven Proxy models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    3. Jinkai Wang & Hengyi Liu & Jinliang Zhang & Jun Xie, 2018. "Lost Gas Mechanism and Quantitative Characterization during Injection and Production of Water-Flooded Sandstone Underground Gas Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-26, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:3:p:678-:d:1330349. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.