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Application of Mixed-Mode Ventilation to Enhance Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in School Buildings

Author

Listed:
  • Christopher Otoo

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, P.O. Box 700, 65200 Vaasa, Finland)

  • Tao Lu

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, P.O. Box 700, 65200 Vaasa, Finland)

  • Xiaoshu Lü

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, P.O. Box 700, 65200 Vaasa, Finland
    Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, 02150 Espoo, Finland)

Abstract

Indoor air quality and energy efficiency are instrumental aspects of school facility design and construction, as they directly affect the physical well-being, comfort, and academic output of both pupils and staff. The challenge of balancing the need for adequate ventilation to enhance indoor air quality with the goal of reducing energy consumption has long been a topic of debate. The implementation of mixed-mode ventilation systems with automated controls presents a promising solution to address this issue. However, a comprehensive literature review on this subject is still missing. To address this gap, this review examines the potential application of mixed-mode ventilation systems as a solution to attaining improved energy savings without compromising indoor air quality and thermal comfort in educational environments. Mixed-mode ventilation systems, which combine natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, provide the versatility to alternate between or merge both methods based on real-time indoor and outdoor environmental conditions. By analyzing empirical studies, case studies, and theoretical models, this review investigates the efficacy of mixed-mode ventilation systems in minimizing energy use and enhancing indoor air quality. Essential elements such as operable windows, sensors, and sophisticated control technologies are evaluated to illustrate how mixed-mode ventilation systems dynamically optimize ventilation to sustain comfortable and healthy indoor climates. This paper further addresses the challenges linked to the design and implementation of mixed-mode ventilation systems, including complexities in control and the necessity for climate-adaptive strategies. The findings suggest that mixed-mode ventilation systems can considerably lower heating, ventilation, and air conditioning energy usage, with energy savings ranging from 20% to 60% across various climate zones, while also enhancing indoor air quality with advanced control systems and data-driven control strategies. In conclusion, mixed-mode ventilation systems offer a promising approach for school buildings to achieve energy efficiency and effective ventilation without sacrificing indoor environment quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Christopher Otoo & Tao Lu & Xiaoshu Lü, 2024. "Application of Mixed-Mode Ventilation to Enhance Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in School Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-24, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:23:p:6097-:d:1536148
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Su, Wei & Ai, Zhengtao & Liu, Jing & Yang, Bin & Wang, Faming, 2023. "Maintaining an acceptable indoor air quality of spaces by intentional natural ventilation or intermittent mechanical ventilation with minimum energy use," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    2. Pollozhani, Fatos & McLeod, Robert S. & Schwarzbauer, Christian & Hopfe, Christina J., 2024. "Assessing school ventilation strategies from the perspective of health, environment, and energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    3. Sandra N. Jendrossek & Lukas A. Jurk & Kirsten Remmers & Yunus E. Cetin & Wolfgang Sunder & Martin Kriegel & Petra Gastmeier, 2023. "The Influence of Ventilation Measures on the Airborne Risk of Infection in Schools: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-21, February.
    4. Wang, Yang & Zhao, Fu-Yun & Kuckelkorn, Jens & Spliethoff, Hartmut & Rank, Ernst, 2014. "School building energy performance and classroom air environment implemented with the heat recovery heat pump and displacement ventilation system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 58-68.
    5. Lichen Su & Jinlong Ouyang & Li Yang, 2023. "Mixed-Mode Ventilation Based on Adjustable Air Velocity for Energy Benefits in Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-17, March.
    6. Huyen Do & Kristen S. Cetin, 2022. "Mixed-Mode Ventilation in HVAC System for Energy and Economic Benefits in Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-18, June.
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