Comprehensive Comparative Review of the Cement Experimental Testing Under CO 2 Conditions

Global warming is presently one of the most pressing issues the planet faces, with the emission of greenhouse gasses being a primary concern. Among these gasses, CO 2 is the most detrimental because, among all the greenhouse gasses resulting from anthropogenic sources, CO 2 currently contributes the largest share to global warming. Therefore, to reduce the adverse effects of climate change, many countries have signed the Paris Agreement , according to which net zero emissions of CO 2 will be achieved by 2050. In this respect, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is a critical technology that will play a vital role in achieving the net zero goal. It allows CO 2 from emission sources to be injected into suitable subsurface geological formations, aiming to confine CO 2 underground for hundreds of years. Therefore, the confinement of CO 2 is crucial, and the success of CCS projects depends on it. One of the main components on which the confinement of the CO 2 relies is the integrity of the cement. As it acts as the barrier that restricts the movement of the sequestrated CO 2 to the surface. However, in a CO 2 -rich environment, cement reacts with CO 2 , leading to the deterioration of its physical, chemical, transfer, morphological, and mechanical properties. This degradation can create flow paths that enable the leakage of sequestered CO 2 to the surface, posing risks to humans, animals, and the environment. To address this issue, numerous studies have investigated the use of various additives in cement to reduce carbonation, thus enhancing the cement’s resistance to supercritical (sc) CO 2 and maintaining its integrity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current research on cement carbonation tests conducted by different authors. It includes detailed descriptions of the additives used, testing setups, curing conditions, methodologies employed, and experimental outcomes. This study will help to provide a better understanding of the carbonation process of the cement sample exposed to a CO 2 -rich environment, along with the pros and cons of the additives used in the cement. A significant challenge identified in this research is the lack of a standardized procedure for conducting carbonation tests, as each study reviewed employed a unique methodology, making direct comparisons difficult. Nonetheless, the paper provides an overview of the most commonly used temperatures, pressures, curing durations, and carbonation periods in the studies reviewed.