IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i21p5459-d1511657.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Quantitative and Qualitative Experimental Assessment of Water Vapor Condensation in Atmospheric Air Transonic Flows in Convergent–Divergent Nozzles

Author

Listed:
  • Mirosław Majkut

    (Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Sławomir Dykas

    (Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Krystian Smołka

    (Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Tim Wittmann

    (Center of Computational Energy, Airbus Operations GmbH, Kreetslag 10, 21129 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Axel Kuhlmann

    (Center of Computational Energy, Airbus Operations GmbH, Kreetslag 10, 21129 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Florian Thorey

    (Airbus Operations SAS, 316 Route de Bayonne, 31060 Toulouse, France)

Abstract

Atmospheric air, being also a moist gas, is present as a working medium in various areas of technology, including the areas of airframe aerodynamics and turbomachinery. Issues related to the condensation of water vapor contained in atmospheric air have been intensively studied analytically, experimentally and numerically since the 1950s. An effort is made in this paper to present new, unique and complementary results of the experimental testing of moist air expansion in the de Laval nozzle. The results of the measurements, apart from the static pressure distribution on the nozzle wall and the images obtained using the Schlieren technique, additionally contain information regarding the quantity and quality of the condensate formed due to spontaneous condensation at the transition from the subsonic to the supersonic flow in the nozzle. The liquid phase was identified using the light extinction method (LEM). The experiments were performed for three geometries of convergent–divergent nozzles with different expansion rates of 3000, 2500 and 2000 s −1 . It is shown that as the expansion rate increases, the phenomenon of water vapor spontaneous condensation appears closer to the critical cross-section of the nozzle. A study was performed of the impact of the air relative humidity and pollution on the process of condensation of the water vapor contained in the air. As indicated by the results, both these parameters have a significant effect on the flow field and the pressure distribution in the nozzle. The results of the experimental analyses show that in the case of the atmospheric air flow, in addition to the pressure, temperature and velocity, other parameters must also be taken into account as boundary parameters for possible numerical analyses. Omitting information about the air humidity and pollution can lead to incorrect results in numerical simulations of transonic flows of atmospheric air. The presented results of the measurements of the moist air transonic flow field are original and fill the research gap in the field of experimental studies on the phenomenon of water vapor spontaneous condensation.

Suggested Citation

  • Mirosław Majkut & Sławomir Dykas & Krystian Smołka & Tim Wittmann & Axel Kuhlmann & Florian Thorey, 2024. "Quantitative and Qualitative Experimental Assessment of Water Vapor Condensation in Atmospheric Air Transonic Flows in Convergent–Divergent Nozzles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:21:p:5459-:d:1511657
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/21/5459/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/21/5459/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Guojie & Yang, Yifan & Chen, Jiaheng & Jin, Zunlong & Dykas, Sławomir, 2024. "Numerical study of heterogeneous condensation in the de Laval nozzle to guide the compressor performance optimization in a compressed air energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    2. Zhang, Guojie & Yang, Yifan & Chen, Jiaheng & Jin, Zunlong & Majkut, Mirosław & Smołka, Krystian & Dykas, Sławomir, 2023. "Effect of relative humidity on the nozzle performance in non-equilibrium condensing flows for improving the compressed air energy storage technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hosseini, Seyed Ali & Lakzian, Esmail & Zarei, Daryoush & Zare, Mehdi, 2024. "Design and optimization of slot number in supercooled vapor suction in steam turbine blades for reducing the wetness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    2. Momeni Dolatabadi, Amir & Mottahedi, Hamid Reza & Faghih Aliabadi, Mohammad Ali & Saffari Pour, Mohsen & Wen, Chuang & Akrami, Mohammad, 2024. "Evaluating and optimizing of steam ejector performance considering heterogeneous condensation using machine learning framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    3. Zhang, Guojie & Yang, Yifan & Chen, Jiaheng & Jin, Zunlong & Dykas, Sławomir, 2024. "Numerical study of heterogeneous condensation in the de Laval nozzle to guide the compressor performance optimization in a compressed air energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    4. Zhang, Guojie & Wang, Xiaogang & Chen, Jiaheng & Tang, Songzhen & Smołka, Krystian & Majkut, Mirosław & Jin, Zunlong & Dykas, Sławomir, 2023. "Supersonic nozzle performance prediction considering the homogeneous-heterogeneous coupling spontaneous non-equilibrium condensation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    5. Hu, Pengfei & Liang, Qi & Fan, Tiantian & Wang, Yanhong & Li, Qi, 2024. "Investigation of heterogeneous condensation flow characteristics in the steam turbine based on homogeneous-heterogeneous condensation coupling model using OpenFOAM," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    6. Tomasz Kuś & Paweł Madejski, 2024. "Numerical Investigation of a Two-Phase Ejector Operation Taking into Account Steam Condensation with the Presence of CO 2," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-15, May.
    7. Liu, Yang & Cao, Xuewen & Chong, Daotong & Yang, Wen & Zhao, Ziyuan & Bian, Jiang, 2023. "Effects of energy conversion under shock wave on the effective liquefaction efficiency in the nozzle during natural gas dehydration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:21:p:5459-:d:1511657. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.