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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization Framework for On-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging from Base Transceiver Stations Using Renewable Energy and Storage Systems

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  • Abdullah Altamimi

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
    Engineering and Applied Science Research Center, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Bilal Ali

    (U.S Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi

    (U.S Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan)

  • Zafar A. Khan

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur A.K. 10250, Pakistan)

Abstract

Rapid growth in a number of developing nations’ mobile telecommunications sectors presents network operators with difficulties such as poor service quality and congestion, mostly because these locations lack a dependable and reasonably priced electrical source. In order to provide a sustainable and reasonably priced energy alternative for the developing world, this study provides a detailed examination of the core ideas behind renewable energy technology (RET). A multi-agent-based small-scaled smart base transceiver station (BTS) site reinforcement strategy is presented to manage energy resources by boosting resilience so to supply power to essential loads in peak demand periods by leveraging demand-side management (DSM). Diverse energy sources are combined to create interconnected BTS sites, which enable energy sharing to balance fluctuations by establishing a market that promotes economical energy. A MATLAB simulation model was developed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system by using real load data and fast electric vehicle charging loads from five different base transceiver stations (BTSs) located throughout Pakistan’s southern area. In this proposed study, the base transceiver station (BTS) sites can share their energy through a multi-agent-based system. From the results, it is observed that, after optimization, the base transceiver station (BTS) sites trade their energy with the grid at rate of 0.08 USD/kWh and with other sites at a rate of 0.04 USD/kWh. Therefore, grid dependency is decreased by 44.3% and carbon emissions are reduced by 71.4% after the optimization of the base transceiver station (BTS) sites.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdullah Altamimi & Muhammad Bilal Ali & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Zafar A. Khan, 2024. "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Optimization Framework for On-Grid Electric Vehicle Charging from Base Transceiver Stations Using Renewable Energy and Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-33, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:14:p:3592-:d:1440043
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lagorse, Jeremy & Paire, Damien & Miraoui, Abdellatif, 2010. "A multi-agent system for energy management of distributed power sources," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 174-182.
    2. Mayer, Martin János & Szilágyi, Artúr & Gróf, Gyula, 2020. "Environmental and economic multi-objective optimization of a household level hybrid renewable energy system by genetic algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
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