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Techno-Economic Analysis of a Highly Renewable and Electrified District Heating Network Operating in the Balancing Markets

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  • Nima Javanshir

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland)

  • Sanna Syri

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland)

Abstract

In pursuit of Finland’s carbon neutrality objective by 2035, integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid is essential. To address the stochastic nature of these resources, additional sources of flexibility are required to maintain grid stability. Meanwhile, district heating network (DHN) operators in Finland are decommissioning fossil fuel-based combined heat and power plants (CHPs) and electrifying heating systems with heat pumps (HPs) and electric boilers. A techno-economic assessment and the optimized operation of DHN-connected HPs and electric boilers in providing ancillary balancing services were explored in this study. The primary goal was to maximize the potential revenue for DHN operators through participation in the day-ahead electricity market and frequency containment reserve (FCR) balancing markets. Three interconnected DHNs in the Helsinki metropolitan area were optimized based on 2019 data and each operator’s decarbonization strategies for 2025. HPs are expected to achieve the highest profit margins in the FCR-D up-regulation market, while electric boilers could generate substantial profits from the FCR-D down-regulation market. In contrast to other balancing markets studied, the FCR-N market exhibited limited profit potential. Sensitivity analysis indicated that spot electricity prices and CO 2 emission allowance prices significantly influence the profitability derived from balancing markets.

Suggested Citation

  • Nima Javanshir & Sanna Syri, 2023. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Highly Renewable and Electrified District Heating Network Operating in the Balancing Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-21, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:24:p:8117-:d:1301946
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peter Cramton, 2017. "Electricity market design," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 33(4), pages 589-612.
    2. Javanshir, Nima & Syri, Sanna & Tervo, Seela & Rosin, Argo, 2023. "Operation of district heat network in electricity and balancing markets with the power-to-heat sector coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    3. Vanhoudt, D. & Geysen, D. & Claessens, B. & Leemans, F. & Jespers, L. & Van Bael, J., 2014. "An actively controlled residential heat pump: Potential on peak shaving and maximization of self-consumption of renewable energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 531-543.
    4. Baeten, Brecht & Rogiers, Frederik & Helsen, Lieve, 2017. "Reduction of heat pump induced peak electricity use and required generation capacity through thermal energy storage and demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 184-195.
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