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Impact of Gas Saturation and Gas Column Height at the Base of the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone on Fracturing and Seepage at Vestnesa Ridge, West-Svalbard Margin

Author

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  • Hariharan Ramachandran

    (CAGE—Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway)

  • Andreia Plaza-Faverola

    (CAGE—Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway)

  • Hugh Daigle

    (Center for Subsurface Energy and the Environment, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA)

Abstract

The Vestnesa Ridge, located off the west Svalbard margin, is a >60 km long ridge consisting of fine-grained sediments that host a deep-marine gas hydrate and associated seepage system. Geological and geophysical observations indicate the predominance of vertical fluid expulsion through fractures with pockmarks expressed on the seafloor along the entire ridge. However, despite the apparent evidence for an extended free gas zone (FGZ) below the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ), present-day seafloor seepage has been confirmed only on the eastern half of the sedimentary ridge. In this study, we combine the relationships between aqueous phase pressure, capillary pressure, sediment clay fraction, porosity, and total stress to simulate how much gas is required to open preexisting fractures from the BGHSZ towards the seafloor. Data from four specific sites with different lithology and pressure regime along the ridge are used to constrain the simulations. Results demonstrate that fracturing is favored from the FGZ (with gas saturations < 0.1 and gas column heights < 15 m) towards the seafloor. Neglecting the capillary pressure overpredicts the size of the gas column by up to 10 times, leading to erroneous maximum gas vent volume predictions and associated ocean biosphere consequences. Further parametric analyses indicate that variations in the regional stress regime have the potential to modify the fracture criterion, thus driving the differences in venting across the ridge. Our results are in line with independent geophysical observations and petroleum system modeling in the study area, adding confidence to the proposed approach and highlighting the importance of the capillary pressure influence on gas pressure.

Suggested Citation

  • Hariharan Ramachandran & Andreia Plaza-Faverola & Hugh Daigle, 2022. "Impact of Gas Saturation and Gas Column Height at the Base of the Gas Hydrate Stability Zone on Fracturing and Seepage at Vestnesa Ridge, West-Svalbard Margin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-25, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:9:p:3156-:d:802479
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Klaus Wallmann & M. Riedel & W. L. Hong & H. Patton & A. Hubbard & T. Pape & C. W. Hsu & C. Schmidt & J. E. Johnson & M. E. Torres & K. Andreassen & C. Berndt & G. Bohrmann, 2018. "Gas hydrate dissociation off Svalbard induced by isostatic rebound rather than global warming," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Tao Zhang & Shuyu Sun, 2021. "Thermodynamics-Informed Neural Network (TINN) for Phase Equilibrium Calculations Considering Capillary Pressure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Matthew J. Hornbach & Demian M. Saffer & W. Steven Holbrook, 2004. "Critically pressured free-gas reservoirs below gas-hydrate provinces," Nature, Nature, vol. 427(6970), pages 142-144, January.
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