IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i9p2693-d550258.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Determining the Seasonal Variability of the Territorial Sea Baseline in Poland (2018–2020) Using Integrated USV/GNSS/SBES Measurements

Author

Listed:
  • Mariusz Specht

    (Department of Transport and Logistics, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Cezary Specht

    (Department of Geodesy and Oceanography, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Andrzej Stateczny

    (Department of Geodesy, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11-12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland)

  • Łukasz Marchel

    (Department of Navigation and Hydrography, Polish Naval Academy, Śmidowicza 69, 81-127 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Oktawia Lewicka

    (Department of Geodesy and Oceanography, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland)

  • Monika Paliszewska-Mojsiuk

    (Confucius Institute, University of Gdańsk, Jana Bażyńskiego 8, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland)

  • Marta Wiśniewska

    (Marine Technology Ltd., Wiktora Roszczynialskiego 4-6, 81-521 Gdynia, Poland)

Abstract

The Territorial Sea Baseline (TSB) allows coastal states to define the maritime boundaries, such as: contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and territorial sea. Their delimitations determine what rights (jurisdiction and sovereignty) a given coastal state is entitled to. For many years, the problem of delimiting baseline was considered in two aspects: legal (lack of clear-cut regulations and different interpretations) and measurement (lack of research tools for precise and reliable depth measurement in ultra-shallow waters). This paper aimed to define the seasonal variability of the TSB in 2018–2020. The survey was conducted in three representative waterbodies of the Republic of Poland: open sea, river mouth and exit from a large port, differing between each other in seabed shape. Baseline measurements were carried out with Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV), equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) geodetic receivers and miniature Single Beam Echo Sounders (SBES). The survey has shown that the smallest seasonal variability of TSB (1.86–3.00 m) was confirmed for the waterbody located near the Vistula Śmiała River mouth, which features steep shores. On the other hand, the greatest variability in the baseline (5.73–8.37 m) as observed in the waterbody adjacent to the public beach in Gdynia. Factors conditioning considerable changes in TSB determination were: periodically performed land reclamation works in the area and the fact that the depth of the waterbody increases slowly when moving away from the coastline.

Suggested Citation

  • Mariusz Specht & Cezary Specht & Andrzej Stateczny & Łukasz Marchel & Oktawia Lewicka & Monika Paliszewska-Mojsiuk & Marta Wiśniewska, 2021. "Determining the Seasonal Variability of the Territorial Sea Baseline in Poland (2018–2020) Using Integrated USV/GNSS/SBES Measurements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2693-:d:550258
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/9/2693/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/9/2693/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Łukasz Marchel & Cezary Specht & Mariusz Specht, 2020. "Assessment of the Steering Precision of a Hydrographic USV along Sounding Profiles Using a High-Precision GNSS RTK Receiver Supported Autopilot," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Songyan Niu & Qingyu Zhao & Haibiao Chen & Hang Yu & Shuangxia Niu & Linni Jian, 2022. "Underwater Wireless Charging System of Unmanned Surface Vehicles with High Power, Large Misalignment Tolerance and Light Weight: Analysis, Design and Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Artur Makar, 2022. "Determination of the Minimum Safe Distance between a USV and a Hydro-Engineering Structure in a Restricted Water Region Sounding," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-17, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2693-:d:550258. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.