IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i9p2347-d540252.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Upgrading a District Heating System by Means of the Integration of Modular Heat Pumps, Geothermal Waters, and PVs for Resilient and Sustainable Urban Energy

Author

Listed:
  • Elżbieta Hałaj

    (AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Jarosław Kotyza

    (AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Marek Hajto

    (AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Pełka

    (AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Wojciech Luboń

    (AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Paweł Jastrzębski

    (Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
    MPEC S.A.—Krakow District Heating Company, 30-969 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Krakow has an extensive district heating network, which is approximately 900 km long. It is the second largest city in terms of the number of inhabitants in Poland, resulting in a high demand for energy—for both heating and cooling. The district heating of the city is based on coal. The paper presents the conception of using the available renewable sources to integrate them into the city’s heating system, increasing the flexibility of the system and its decentralization. An innovative solution of the use of hybrid, modular heat pumps with power dependent on the needs of customers in a given location and combining them with geothermal waters and photovoltaics is presented. The potential of deep geothermal waters is based on two reservoirs built of carbonate rocks, namely Devonian and Upper Jurassic, which mainly consist of dolomite and limestone. The theoretical potential of water intake equal to the nominal heating capacity of a geothermal installation is estimated at 3.3 and 2.0 MW, respectively. Shallow geothermal energy potential varies within the city, reflecting the complex geological structure of the city. Apart from typical borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), the shallower water levels may represent a significant potential source for both heating and cooling by means of water heat pumps. For the heating network, it has been proposed to use modular heat pumps with hybrid sources, which will allow for the flexible development of the network in places previously unavailable or unprofitable. In the case of balancing production and demand, a photovoltaic installation can be an effective and sufficient source of electricity that will cover the annual electricity demand generated by the heat pump installation, when it is used for both heating and cooling. The alternating demand of facilities for heating and cooling energy, caused by changes in the seasons, suggests potential for using seasonal cold and heat storage.

Suggested Citation

  • Elżbieta Hałaj & Jarosław Kotyza & Marek Hajto & Grzegorz Pełka & Wojciech Luboń & Paweł Jastrzębski, 2021. "Upgrading a District Heating System by Means of the Integration of Modular Heat Pumps, Geothermal Waters, and PVs for Resilient and Sustainable Urban Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2347-:d:540252
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/9/2347/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/9/2347/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pophillat, William & Attard, Guillaume & Bayer, Peter & Hecht-Méndez, Jozsef & Blum, Philipp, 2020. "Analytical solutions for predicting thermal plumes of groundwater heat pump systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2696-2707.
    2. Marek Hajto & Anna Przelaskowska & Grzegorz Machowski & Katarzyna Drabik & Gabriel Ząbek, 2020. "Indirect Methods for Validating Shallow Geothermal Potential Using Advanced Laboratory Measurements from a Regional to Local Scale—A Case Study from Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-32, October.
    3. Sayegh, M.A. & Danielewicz, J. & Nannou, T. & Miniewicz, M. & Jadwiszczak, P. & Piekarska, K. & Jouhara, H., 2017. "Trends of European research and development in district heating technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 1183-1192.
    4. Kljajić, Miroslav V. & Anđelković, Aleksandar S. & Hasik, Vaclav & Munćan, Vladimir M. & Bilec, Melissa, 2020. "Shallow geothermal energy integration in district heating system: An example from Serbia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2791-2800.
    5. Perego, Rodolfo & Viesi, Diego & Pera, Sebastian & Dalla Santa, Giorgia & Cultrera, Matteo & Visintainer, Paola & Galgaro, Antonio, 2020. "Revision of hydrothermal constraints for the installation of closed-loop shallow geothermal systems through underground investigation, monitoring and modeling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 1378-1395.
    6. Angelo Zarrella & Roberto Zecchin & Philippe Pasquier & Diego Guzzon & Enrico Prataviera & Jacopo Vivian & Michele De Carli & Giuseppe Emmi, 2020. "Analysis of Retrofit Solutions of a Ground Source Heat Pump System: An Italian Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, October.
    7. Lund, Henrik & Werner, Sven & Wiltshire, Robin & Svendsen, Svend & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2014. "4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-11.
    8. Haarstad, Håvard & Wathne, Marikken W., 2019. "Are smart city projects catalyzing urban energy sustainability?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 918-925.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Romanov, D. & Leiss, B., 2022. "Geothermal energy at different depths for district heating and cooling of existing and future building stock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ziemele, Jelena & Gravelsins, Armands & Blumberga, Andra & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2017. "Sustainability of heat energy tariff in district heating system: Statistic and dynamic methodologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 834-845.
    2. Jann Michael Weinand, 2020. "Reviewing Municipal Energy System Planning in a Bibliometric Analysis: Evolution of the Research Field between 1991 and 2019," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Jordi García-Céspedes & Ignasi Herms & Georgina Arnó & José Juan de Felipe, 2022. "Fifth-Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks Based on Shallow Geothermal Energy: A review and Possible Solutions for Mediterranean Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-31, December.
    4. Alessandro Guzzini & Marco Pellegrini & Edoardo Pelliconi & Cesare Saccani, 2020. "Low Temperature District Heating: An Expert Opinion Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-34, February.
    5. Daniilidis, Alexandros & Alpsoy, Betül & Herber, Rien, 2017. "Impact of technical and economic uncertainties on the economic performance of a deep geothermal heat system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 805-816.
    6. Mengting Jiang & Camilo Rindt & David M. J. Smeulders, 2022. "Optimal Planning of Future District Heating Systems—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-38, September.
    7. Pakere, Ieva & Gravelsins, Armands & Lauka, Dace & Bazbauers, Gatis & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2021. "Linking energy efficiency policies toward 4th generation district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    8. Averfalk, Helge & Ingvarsson, Paul & Persson, Urban & Gong, Mei & Werner, Sven, 2017. "Large heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1275-1284.
    9. Guelpa, Elisa & Verda, Vittorio, 2019. "Thermal energy storage in district heating and cooling systems: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    10. Werner, Sven, 2017. "International review of district heating and cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 617-631.
    11. Pipiciello, Mauro & Caldera, Matteo & Cozzini, Marco & Ancona, Maria A. & Melino, Francesco & Di Pietra, Biagio, 2021. "Experimental characterization of a prototype of bidirectional substation for district heating with thermal prosumers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    12. Paiho, Satu & Saastamoinen, Heidi, 2018. "How to develop district heating in Finland?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 668-676.
    13. Gao, Datong & Kwan, Trevor Hocksun & Hu, Maobin & Pei, Gang, 2022. "The energy, exergy, and techno-economic analysis of a solar seasonal residual energy utilization system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    14. Guelpa, Elisa & Verda, Vittorio, 2021. "Demand response and other demand side management techniques for district heating: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    15. Kılkış, Şiir, 2019. "Benchmarking the sustainability of urban energy, water and environment systems and envisioning a cross-sectoral scenario for the future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 529-545.
    16. Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Chang, Miguel & Werner, Sven & Svendsen, Svend & Sorknæs, Peter & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mortensen, Bent Ole Gram & Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Boje, 2018. "The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 147-159.
    17. Víctor M. Soltero & Ricardo Chacartegui & Carlos Ortiz & Gonzalo Quirosa, 2018. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Rural 4th Generation Biomass District Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-20, November.
    18. Kate Doubleday & Faeza Hafiz & Andrew Parker & Tarek Elgindy & Anthony Florita & Gregor Henze & Graziano Salvalai & Shanti Pless & Bri‐Mathias Hodge, 2019. "Integrated distribution system and urban district planning with high renewable penetrations," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(5), September.
    19. Anna Grzegórska & Piotr Rybarczyk & Valdas Lukoševičius & Joanna Sobczak & Andrzej Rogala, 2021. "Smart Asset Management for District Heating Systems in the Baltic Sea Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-25, January.
    20. Soloha, Raimonda & Pakere, Ieva & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2017. "Solar energy use in district heating systems. A case study in Latvia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 586-594.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2347-:d:540252. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.