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A Study of Dispersed, Thermally Activated Limestone from Ukraine for the Safe Liming of Water Using ANN Models

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  • Yuliia Trach

    (Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
    Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, 33028 Rivne, Ukraine)

  • Roman Trach

    (Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Marek Kalenik

    (Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Eugeniusz Koda

    (Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Anna Podlasek

    (Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Liming surface water is a fairly popular method of increasing the pH values and decreasing the concentration of phosphates and heavy metals. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommendations, the increase of water pH should not exceed 1.5. If surface water is the source of water supply, liming is a process that reduces water contamination. This should prevent the creation of an additional load for the water treatment plants in urban settlements. This article is an interdisciplinary research study aiming to (1) determine and compare the doses of new dispersed, thermally activated limestone and natural limestone, (2) find the relation between dose value and initial water parameters (pH, Eh and total mineralization), and (3) create an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict changes in water pH values according to EPA recommendations. Recommended doses were obtained from experimental studies, and those of dispersed, thermally activated limestone were lower than the doses of natural limestone. Neural networks were used to predict the changes in water pH values when adding different doses of limestone with different initial water parameters using the ANN model. Four ANN models with different activation functions and loss function optimizers were tested. The best results were obtained for the network with the ReLU activation function for hidden layers of neurons and Adam’s loss function optimizer ( MAPE = 14.1%; R 2 = 0.847). Further comparison of the results of the loss function and the results of calculating the quality metric for the training and validation dataset has shown that the created ANN can be used to solve the set research issue.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuliia Trach & Roman Trach & Marek Kalenik & Eugeniusz Koda & Anna Podlasek, 2021. "A Study of Dispersed, Thermally Activated Limestone from Ukraine for the Safe Liming of Water Using ANN Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:24:p:8377-:d:700762
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    Cited by:

    1. Yuliia Trach & Victor Melnychuk & Oleksandr Stadnyk & Roman Trach & Filip Bujakowski & Agnieszka Kiersnowska & Gabriela Rutkowska & Leonid Skakun & Jacek Szer & Eugeniusz Koda, 2023. "The Possibility of Implementation of West Ukrainian Paleogene Glauconite–Quartz Sands in the Building Industry: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-22, January.
    2. Roman Trach & Yuliia Trach & Agnieszka Kiersnowska & Anna Markiewicz & Marzena Lendo-Siwicka & Konstantin Rusakov, 2022. "A Study of Assessment and Prediction of Water Quality Index Using Fuzzy Logic and ANN Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, May.
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    4. Roman Trach & Galyna Ryzhakova & Yuliia Trach & Andrii Shpakov & Volodymyr Tyvoniuk, 2023. "Modeling the Cause-and-Effect Relationships between the Causes of Damage and External Indicators of RC Elements Using ML Tools," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, March.
    5. Roman Trach & Victor Moshynskyi & Denys Chernyshev & Oleksandr Borysyuk & Yuliia Trach & Pavlo Striletskyi & Volodymyr Tyvoniuk, 2022. "Modeling the Quantitative Assessment of the Condition of Bridge Components Made of Reinforced Concrete Using ANN," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-19, November.

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