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The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth

Author

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  • Abdul Rehman

    (College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China)

  • Hengyun Ma

    (College of Economics and Management, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China)

  • Magdalena Radulescu

    (Department of Finance, Accounting and Economics, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania
    Institute for Doctoral and Post-Doctoral Studies, University “Lucian Blaga” Sibiu, Bd. Victoriei, No. 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania)

  • Crenguta Ileana Sinisi

    (Department of Management and Business Administration, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitești, Romania)

  • Loredana Maria Paunescu

    (Department of Cybernetics, University Gas & Petroleum, Ploiesti, Bd. Bucuresti, No. 39, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania)

  • MD Shabbir Alam

    (Department of Economics & Finance, College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain, Zallaq P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain)

  • Rafael Alvarado

    (Esai Business School, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon 091650, Ecuador)

Abstract

In this paper we examined the interaction between greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear energy, coal energy, urban agglomeration, and economic growth in Pakistan by utilizing time series data during 1972–2019. The stationarity of the variables was tested through unit root tests, while the ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) method with long and short-run estimations was applied to reveal the linkages between variables. A unidirectional association between all variables was revealed by performing a Granger causality test under the vector error correction model (VECM) that was extracted during the short-run estimate. Furthermore, the stepwise least squares technique was also utilized to check the robustness of the variables. The findings of long-run estimations showed that GHG emissions, coal energy, and urban agglomeration have an adversative association with economic growth in Pakistan, while nuclear energy showed a dynamic association with the economic growth. The outcomes of short-run estimations also show that nuclear energy has a constructive association with economic growth, while the remaining variables exposed an adversative linkage to economic growth in Pakistan. Similarly, the Granger causality test under the vector error correction model (VECM) outcomes exposes that all variables have unidirectional association. Furthermore, the outcomes of the stepwise least squares technique reveals that GHG emissions and coal energy have an adverse association with economic growth, and variables nuclear energy and urban agglomeration have a productive linkage to the economic growth in Pakistan. GHG emissions are no doubt an emerging issue globally; therefore, conservative policies and financial support are needed to tackle this issue. Despite the fact that Pakistan contributes less to greenhouse gas emissions than industrialized countries, the government must implement new policies to address this problem in order to contribute to environmental sustainability while also enhancing economic development.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdul Rehman & Hengyun Ma & Magdalena Radulescu & Crenguta Ileana Sinisi & Loredana Maria Paunescu & MD Shabbir Alam & Rafael Alvarado, 2021. "The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-21, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:22:p:7703-:d:681384
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