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Legal and Political Barriers and Enablers to the Deployment of Marine Renewable Energy

Author

Listed:
  • Maria Apolonia

    (WavEC Offshore Renewables, Edifício Diogo Cão, Doca de Alcântara Norte,1350-352 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Rhoda Fofack-Garcia

    (France Energies Marines, 525 Avenue Alexis de Rochon, 29280 Plouzané, France)

  • Donald R. Noble

    (Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3DW, UK)

  • Jonathan Hodges

    (Wave Energy Scotland, An Lochran, 10 Inverness Campus, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK)

  • Francisco X. Correia da Fonseca

    (WavEC Offshore Renewables, Edifício Diogo Cão, Doca de Alcântara Norte,1350-352 Lisbon, Portugal)

Abstract

Ocean energy is a promising source of clean renewable energy, with clear development targets set by the European Commission. However, the ocean energy sector faces non-technological challenges and opportunities that are frequently overlooked in deployment plans. The present study aimed to provide a critical evaluation of the ocean energy sector’s legal, institutional, and political frameworks with an identification and analysis of both barriers and enabling features for the deployment of ocean energy. In the first stage, a literature review on the current political and regulatory frameworks of a set of European countries was carried out, setting the basis for the main challenges and enabling factors faced by the sector. Secondly, a critical analysis of the main non-technological barriers and enablers was performed, which was supported by questionnaires sent to regulators, technology developers, and test-site managers. This questionnaire allowed us to collect and integrate the views, perceptions, and personal experiences of the main stakeholders of the ocean energy sector in the analysis. The most relevant insights were collected to guide future policy instruments, supports, and consenting measures in a more informed and effective manner and to help accelerate the development of the sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Maria Apolonia & Rhoda Fofack-Garcia & Donald R. Noble & Jonathan Hodges & Francisco X. Correia da Fonseca, 2021. "Legal and Political Barriers and Enablers to the Deployment of Marine Renewable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-24, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4896-:d:612041
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Inês, Campos & Guilherme, Pontes Luz & Esther, Marín-González & Swantje, Gährs & Stephen, Hall & Lars, Holstenkamp, 2020. "Regulatory challenges and opportunities for collective renewable energy prosumers in the EU," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    2. Painuly, J.P, 2001. "Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 73-89.
    3. Uihlein, Andreas & Magagna, Davide, 2016. "Wave and tidal current energy – A review of the current state of research beyond technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1070-1081.
    4. Bertrand Zuindeau, 2007. "Territorial equity and sustainable development," Post-Print halshs-00200677, HAL.
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