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Energy Balanced Localization-Free Cooperative Noise-Aware Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Author

Listed:
  • Junaid Qadir

    (Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Anwar Khan

    (Department of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar KPK 25120, Pakistan)

  • Mahdi Zareei

    (Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, Mexico)

  • Cesar Vargas-Rosales

    (Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, Mexico)

Abstract

Owing to the harsh and unpredictable behavior of the sea channel, network protocols that combat the undesirable and challenging properties of the channel are of critical significance. Protocols addressing such challenges exist in literature. However, these protocols consume an excessive amount of energy due to redundant packets transmission or have computational complexity by being dependent on the geographical positions of nodes. To address these challenges, this article designs two protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The first protocol, depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR), incorporates the extent of link noise in combination with the depth of a node to decide the next information forwarding candidate. However, it sends data over a single link and is, therefore, vulnerable to the harshness of the channel. Therefore, routing in a cooperative fashion is added to it that makes another scheme called cooperative DNAR (Co-DNAR), which uses source-relay-destination triplets in information advancement. This reduces the probability of information corruption that would otherwise be sent over a single source-destination link. Simulations-backed results reveal the superior performance of the proposed schemes over some competitive schemes in consumed energy, packet advancement to destination, and network stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Junaid Qadir & Anwar Khan & Mahdi Zareei & Cesar Vargas-Rosales, 2019. "Energy Balanced Localization-Free Cooperative Noise-Aware Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-24, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:22:p:4263-:d:285038
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ubaid Ullah & Anwar Khan & Mahdi Zareei & Ihsan Ali & Hasan Ali Khattak & Ikram Ud Din, 2019. "Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-22, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Vignesh Prasanna Natarajan & Kavitha Thandapani, 2022. "An improvement of communication stability on underwater sensor network using balanced energy efficient joining distance matrix," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 13(1), pages 690-698, March.

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