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A Detailed Look at the Saturate Fractions of Different Crude Oils Using Direct Analysis by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHRMS)

Author

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  • Zahra Farmani

    (Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany)

  • Wolfgang Schrader

    (Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany)

Abstract

SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes) fractionation is a common simplification technique used for decades in petrochemical analysis. A large number of studies are dealing with the different fractions, but overall, the saturate fraction is strongly neglected. Of the very few available studies on the saturates fraction, almost all have been performed using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques. This discriminates the results of the saturate fraction especially since non-volatile, high molecular weight and polar constituents are mostly excluded. Here, for the first time, saturate fractions of different crude oils from different origins are analyzed using direct infusion ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS), to study the compositions on a molecular level. Electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are used in positive mode. The observed results show the presence of different heteroatom containing classes, with different chemical identities (i.e., presence of thiophenes, mercaptans and cyclic-sulfides in case of S-containing compounds). These results show the high affinity of some specific compounds towards different ionization techniques. Finally, the saturate fraction is shown to include much more than only volatile, saturated and aliphatic compounds. The detected compounds in this fraction present a very wide variety, not only in terms of their carbon atoms per molecule and their aromaticity, but also with regard to their functional groups and structural arrangements.

Suggested Citation

  • Zahra Farmani & Wolfgang Schrader, 2019. "A Detailed Look at the Saturate Fractions of Different Crude Oils Using Direct Analysis by Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHRMS)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:18:p:3455-:d:265129
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jandyson M. Santos & Alessandro Vetere & Alberto Wisniewski & Marcos N. Eberlin & Wolfgang Schrader, 2018. "Comparing Crude Oils with Different API Gravities on a Molecular Level Using Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Part 2: Resins and Asphaltenes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Jandyson M. Santos & Alberto Wisniewski Jr. & Marcos N. Eberlin & Wolfgang Schrader, 2018. "Comparing Crude Oils with Different API Gravities on a Molecular Level Using Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Part 1: Whole Crude Oil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-11, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Dicho Stratiev & Ivelina Shishkova & Georgi Nikolov Palichev & Krassimir Atanassov & Simeon Ribagin & Svetoslav Nenov & Dimitar Nedanovski & Vitaly Ivanov, 2022. "Study of Bulk Properties Relation to SARA Composition Data of Various Vacuum Residues Employing Intercriteria Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-21, November.

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