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Detailed Theoretical Characterization of a Transcritical CO 2 Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Water Heater

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  • Parham Eslami-Nejad

    (CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, 1615 Lionel-Boulet, Case Postale 4800, Varennes, QC J3X 1S6, Canada)

  • Messaoud Badache

    (CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, 1615 Lionel-Boulet, Case Postale 4800, Varennes, QC J3X 1S6, Canada)

  • Arash Bastani

    (CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, 1615 Lionel-Boulet, Case Postale 4800, Varennes, QC J3X 1S6, Canada)

  • Zine Aidoun

    (CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, 1615 Lionel-Boulet, Case Postale 4800, Varennes, QC J3X 1S6, Canada)

Abstract

A new avenue in modern heat pump technology is related to the use of natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The use of CO 2 in direct expansion ground source heat pumps (DX-GSHP) has also gained significant interest as it offers opportunities for cost reduction of the ground loop, albeit some challenges remain in their development, design and use. To address these challenges and to characterize CO 2 -DX-GSHP performance for water heating applications, a detailed theoretical model and a fully-instrumented test apparatus was developed and built at CanmetENERGY Research Laboratory. The theoretical model was validated against a set of experimental results and adopted to investigate the performance of the system over a wide operating range. Validation results showed that the model predicts the experimental results within the measurement uncertainty. A detailed system performance analysis was also performed using the theoretical model to understand the system behavior and explore the actions required for performance improvement in future installations. The results of the analysis showed that improper design and control of some components, such as the gas cooler and ground heat exchanger can degrade the system performance by up to 25%, and the heat pump heating capacity by 7.5%.

Suggested Citation

  • Parham Eslami-Nejad & Messaoud Badache & Arash Bastani & Zine Aidoun, 2018. "Detailed Theoretical Characterization of a Transcritical CO 2 Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:2:p:387-:d:130649
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hakkaki-Fard, Ali & Eslami-Nejad, Parham & Aidoun, Zine & Ouzzane, Mohamed, 2015. "A techno-economic comparison of a direct expansion ground-source and an air-source heat pump system in Canadian cold climates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 49-59.
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    4. Eslami-Nejad, Parham & Ouzzane, Mohamed & Aidoun, Zine, 2014. "Modeling of a two-phase CO2-filled vertical borehole for geothermal heat pump applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 611-620.
    5. Goulburn, J.R. & Fearon, J., 1978. "Deep ground coil evaporators for heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 293-313, October.
    6. Yang, Wei, 2013. "Experimental performance analysis of a direct-expansion ground source heat pump in Xiangtan, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 334-339.
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    Cited by:

    1. Evangelos Bellos & Christos Tzivanidis, 2021. "Parametric Investigation of a Ground Source CO 2 Heat Pump for Space Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-25, June.
    2. Nguyen, A. & Elsami-Nejad, P., 2019. "A transient coupled model of a variable speed transcritical CO2 direct expansion ground source heat pump for space heating and cooling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 1012-1021.
    3. Luka Boban & Dino Miše & Stjepan Herceg & Vladimir Soldo, 2021. "Application and Design Aspects of Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-31, April.
    4. Ignacio López Paniagua & Ángel Jiménez Álvaro & Javier Rodríguez Martín & Celina González Fernández & Rafael Nieto Carlier, 2019. "Comparison of Transcritical CO 2 and Conventional Refrigerant Heat Pump Water Heaters for Domestic Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-17, February.

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