IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v10y2017i7p978-d104441.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO 2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Author

Listed:
  • Mattias Gustafsson

    (Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle 802 67, Sweden)

  • Richard Thygesen

    (Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle 802 67, Sweden)

  • Björn Karlsson

    (Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle 802 67, Sweden)

  • Louise Ödlund

    (Division of Energy Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden)

Abstract

In the European Union’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the energy efficiency goal for buildings is set in terms of primary energy use. In the proposal from the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning, for nearly zero energy buildings in Sweden, the use of primary energy is expressed as a primary energy number calculated with given primary energy factors. In this article, a multi-dwelling building is simulated and the difference in the primary energy number is investigated when the building uses heat from district heating systems or from heat pumps, alone or combined with solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems. It is also investigated how the global CO 2 emissions are influenced by the different energy system combinations and with different fuels used. It is concluded that the calculated primary energy number is lower for heat pump systems, but the global CO 2 emissions are lowest when district heating uses mostly biofuels and is combined with solar PV systems. The difference is up to 140 tonnes/year. If the aim with the Swedish building code is to decrease the global CO 2 emissions then the ratio between the primary energy factors for electricity and heat should be larger than three and considerably higher than today.

Suggested Citation

  • Mattias Gustafsson & Richard Thygesen & Björn Karlsson & Louise Ödlund, 2017. "Rev-Changes in Primary Energy Use and CO 2 Emissions—An Impact Assessment for a Building with Focus on the Swedish Proposal for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:7:p:978-:d:104441
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/7/978/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/7/978/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Levihn, Fabian, 2014. "CO2 emissions accounting: Whether, how, and when different allocation methods should be used," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 811-818.
    2. Difs, Kristina & Bennstam, Marcus & Trygg, Louise & Nordenstam, Lena, 2010. "Energy conservation measures in buildings heated by district heating – A local energy system perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 3194-3203.
    3. Richard Thygesen, 2017. "An Analysis of Different Solar-Assisted Heating Systems and Their Effect on the Energy Performance of Multifamily Buildings—A Swedish Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-16, January.
    4. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V. & Werner, S. & Möller, B. & Persson, U. & Boermans, T. & Trier, D. & Østergaard, P.A. & Nielsen, S., 2014. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Combining district heating with heat savings to decarbonise the EU energy system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 475-489.
    5. Franco, Alessandro & Versace, Michele, 2017. "Optimum sizing and operational strategy of CHP plant for district heating based on the use of composite indicators," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 258-271.
    6. Lundström, Lukas & Wallin, Fredrik, 2016. "Heat demand profiles of energy conservation measures in buildings and their impact on a district heating system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 290-299.
    7. Thygesen, Richard & Karlsson, Björn, 2017. "An analysis on how proposed requirements for near zero energy buildings manages PV electricity in combination with two different types of heat pumps and its policy implications – A Swedish example," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 10-19.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Sana Sayadi & Jan Akander & Abolfazl Hayati & Mattias Gustafsson & Mathias Cehlin, 2023. "Comparison of Space Cooling Systems from Energy and Economic Perspectives for a Future City District in Sweden," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-22, April.
    2. Zhang, Yang & Campana, Pietro Elia & Yang, Ying & Stridh, Bengt & Lundblad, Anders & Yan, Jinyue, 2018. "Energy flexibility from the consumer: Integrating local electricity and heat supplies in a building," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C), pages 430-442.
    3. Chul-Ho Kim & Seung-Eon Lee & Kang-Soo Kim, 2018. "Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in High-Performance Building Technologies under Korean Climatic Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-34, April.
    4. Ricardo Ramírez-Villegas & Ola Eriksson & Thomas Olofsson, 2019. "Environmental Payback of Renovation Strategies in a Northern Climate—the Impact of Nuclear Power and Fossil Fuels in the Electricity Supply," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.
    5. Asaee, S. Rasoul & Sharafian, Amir & Herrera, Omar E. & Blomerus, Paul & Mérida, Walter, 2018. "Housing stock in cold-climate countries: Conversion challenges for net zero emission buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 88-100.
    6. Miłosz Raczyński & Radosław Rutkowski, 2020. "How Pro-Environmental Legal Regulations Affect the Design Process and Management of Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-23, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Truong, Nguyen Le & Dodoo, Ambrose & Gustavsson, Leif, 2018. "Effects of energy efficiency measures in district-heated buildings on energy supply," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 1114-1127.
    2. Delmastro, C. & Martinsson, F. & Dulac, J. & Corgnati, S.P., 2017. "Sustainable urban heat strategies: Perspectives from integrated district energy choices and energy conservation in buildings. Case studies in Torino and Stockholm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 1209-1220.
    3. Gustafsson, Mattias & Rönnelid, Mats & Trygg, Louise & Karlsson, Björn, 2016. "CO2 emission evaluation of energy conserving measures in buildings connected to a district heating system – Case study of a multi-dwelling building in Sweden," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 341-350.
    4. Gustafsson, Marcus & Gustafsson, Moa Swing & Myhren, Jonn Are & Bales, Chris & Holmberg, Sture, 2016. "Techno-economic analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family house," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 108-116.
    5. Sernhed, Kerstin & Lygnerud, Kristina & Werner, Sven, 2018. "Synthesis of recent Swedish district heating research," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 126-132.
    6. Delmastro, Chiara & Gargiulo, Maurizio, 2020. "Capturing the long-term interdependencies between building thermal energy supply and demand in urban planning strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    7. Lidberg, T. & Gustafsson, M. & Myhren, J.A. & Olofsson, T. & Ödlund (former Trygg), L., 2018. "Environmental impact of energy refurbishment of buildings within different district heating systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 231-238.
    8. Golmohamadi, Hessam & Larsen, Kim Guldstrand & Jensen, Peter Gjøl & Hasrat, Imran Riaz, 2022. "Integration of flexibility potentials of district heating systems into electricity markets: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    9. Zivkovic, Marija & Pereverza, Kateryna & Pasichnyi, Oleksii & Madzarevic, Aleksandar & Ivezic, Dejan & Kordas, Olga, 2016. "Exploring scenarios for more sustainable heating: The case of Niš, Serbia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P3), pages 1758-1770.
    10. Levihn, Fabian, 2017. "CHP and heat pumps to balance renewable power production: Lessons from the district heating network in Stockholm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 670-678.
    11. Tina Lidberg & Thomas Olofsson & Louise Ödlund, 2019. "Impact of Domestic Hot Water Systems on District Heating Temperatures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-14, December.
    12. Dahl, Magnus & Brun, Adam & Andresen, Gorm B., 2017. "Using ensemble weather predictions in district heating operation and load forecasting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 455-465.
    13. Asaee, S. Rasoul & Sharafian, Amir & Herrera, Omar E. & Blomerus, Paul & Mérida, Walter, 2018. "Housing stock in cold-climate countries: Conversion challenges for net zero emission buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 88-100.
    14. Turski, Michał & Nogaj, Kinga & Sekret, Robert, 2019. "The use of a PCM heat accumulator to improve the efficiency of the district heating substation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    15. Antonino D’Amico & Domenico Panno & Giuseppina Ciulla & Antonio Messineo, 2020. "Multi-Energy School System for Seasonal Use in the Mediterranean Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-27, October.
    16. Ferrari, Simone & Zagarella, Federica & Caputo, Paola & D'Amico, Antonino, 2019. "Results of a literature review on methods for estimating buildings energy demand at district level," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 1130-1137.
    17. Nguyen, Truong & Gustavsson, Leif & Dodoo, Ambrose & Tettey, Uniben Yao Ayikoe, 2020. "Implications of supplying district heat to a new urban residential area in Sweden," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    18. Dodoo, Ambrose & Gustavsson, Leif & Le Truong, Nguyen, 2018. "Primary energy benefits of cost-effective energy renovation of a district heated multi-family building under different energy supply systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 69-90.
    19. Welsch, Bastian & Göllner-Völker, Laura & Schulte, Daniel O. & Bär, Kristian & Sass, Ingo & Schebek, Liselotte, 2018. "Environmental and economic assessment of borehole thermal energy storage in district heating systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 73-90.
    20. Vlatko Milić & Shahnaz Amiri & Bahram Moshfegh, 2020. "A Systematic Approach to Predict the Economic and Environmental Effects of the Cost-Optimal Energy Renovation of a Historic Building District on the District Heating System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-25, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:7:p:978-:d:104441. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.