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Rhizobia: A Promising Source of Plant Growth-Promoting Molecules and Their Non-Legume Interactions: Examining Applications and Mechanisms

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  • Sara Fahde

    (Rhizobium Laboratory, Genetic Resources Section, ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area), Agdal, Rabat 10080, Morocco
    Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies (LVO BEEN), Mohammedia 28806, Morocco)

  • Said Boughribil

    (Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies (LVO BEEN), Mohammedia 28806, Morocco)

  • Badreddine Sijilmassi

    (Rhizobium Laboratory, Genetic Resources Section, ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area), Agdal, Rabat 10080, Morocco)

  • Ahmed Amri

    (Rhizobium Laboratory, Genetic Resources Section, ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area), Agdal, Rabat 10080, Morocco)

Abstract

For over a century, the scientific community has had a comprehensive understanding of how rhizobia can promote the growth of legumes by forming nitrogen fixing nodules. Despite this knowledge, the interaction of rhizobia with non-legumes has remained largely ignored as a subject of study until more recent decades. In the last few years, research has shown that rhizobia can also associate with non-legume roots, which ultimately leads to the stimulation of growth through diverse direct and indirect mechanisms. For example, rhizobia can enhance growth through phytohormones production, the improvement of plant nutrient uptake, such as the solubilization of precipitated phosphorus, the production of siderophores to address iron needs, and also the reduction of ethylene levels through the ACC deaminase enzyme to cope with drought stress. Additionally, rhizobia can improve, indirectly, non-legume growth through biocontrol of pathogens and the induction of systemic resistance in the host plant. It can also increase root adherence to soil by releasing exopolysaccharides, which regulate water and soil nutrient movement. The objective of this review is to assess and analyze the existing knowledge and information regarding the mechanisms through which rhizobia promote the growth of non-legumes. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of these findings, we aim to gain new insights into the development of Rhizobium /non-legume interactions.

Suggested Citation

  • Sara Fahde & Said Boughribil & Badreddine Sijilmassi & Ahmed Amri, 2023. "Rhizobia: A Promising Source of Plant Growth-Promoting Molecules and Their Non-Legume Interactions: Examining Applications and Mechanisms," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-21, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:7:p:1279-:d:1175898
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gan, Y.T. & Warkentin, T.D. & Bing, D.J. & Stevenson, F.C. & McDonald, C.L., 2010. "Chickpea water use efficiency in relation to cropping system, cultivar, soil nitrogen and Rhizobial inoculation in semiarid environments," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(9), pages 1375-1381, September.
    2. Mohammad K. Hassan & John A. McInroy & Joseph W. Kloepper, 2019. "The Interactions of Rhizodeposits with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in the Rhizosphere: A Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-13, July.
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