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Thioredoxin Is a New Target for the Phytotoxicity of Small Lactone Mycotoxins, Patulin and Penicillic Acid on Maize Seedlings

Author

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  • Ahmed A. Ismaiel

    (Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt)

  • Jutta Papenbrock

    (Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany)

Abstract

The phytotoxic mechanisms of patulin (PAT) and penicillic acid (PA) have not been identified unambiguously. This study aims to clarify their effects on thioredoxins (Trxs). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), PAT and PA were isolated by solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques from the cultures of Aspergillus flavus Z2 (LC171449), Penicillium vulpinum CM1 and Aspergillus ochraceus EMCC516, respectively. The three mycotoxins showed phytotoxicity to the germination of maize seeds, which was manifested by inhibiting radicle and coleoptile emergence, in addition to their toxic effects on fresh weights and root and shoot lengths. The phytotoxicity of AFB1 and PAT was greater than that of PA. Due to the central roles exhibited by plant Trxs in cellular metabolic activities, they were tested as target proteins for PAT and PA using AFB1 as positive control. In vivo studies showed that the mycotoxins significantly reduced Trx activity measured in the roots and shoots of maize seedlings. PAT showed greater Trx-inhibiting activity than PA and AFB1. In vitro studies of the mycotoxins on Trx y 1 (from Arabidopsis thaliana ) and thioredoxin reductase (Tr, from rat liver) activities confirm the results of in vivo studies. The inactivation of Trx with PAT and PA was reduced in the presence of glutathione (GSH). Data obtained suggest that lactone mycotoxins are more highly reactive with simple low-molecular-weight thiols (like GSH) than with complex ones (like Trx).

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmed A. Ismaiel & Jutta Papenbrock, 2023. "Thioredoxin Is a New Target for the Phytotoxicity of Small Lactone Mycotoxins, Patulin and Penicillic Acid on Maize Seedlings," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:5:p:950-:d:1133102
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ahmed A. Ismaiel & Jutta Papenbrock, 2015. "Mycotoxins: Producing Fungi and Mechanisms of Phytotoxicity," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-46, July.
    2. Ahmed A. Ismaiel & Jutta Papenbrock, 2017. "Effect of Patulin from Penicillium vulpinum on the Activity of Glutathione-S-Transferase and Selected Antioxidative Enzymes in Maize," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-14, July.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    patulin (PAT); penicillic acid (PA); aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); maize; thioredoxin (Trx); thioredoxin reductase (Tr); glutathione (GSH);
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • B1 - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology - - History of Economic Thought through 1925

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