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The Economic Impact of COVID-19 around the World

Author

Listed:
  • Fernando M. Martin
  • Juan M. Sanchez
  • Olivia Wilkinson

Abstract

This article provides an account of the worldwide economic impact of the COVID-19 shock. In 2020, it severely impacted output growth and employment, particularly in middle-income countries. Governments responded primarily by increasing expenditure, supported by an expansion of the supply of money and debt. These policies did not put upward pressure on prices until 2021. International trade was severely disrupted across all regions in 2020 but subsequently recovered. For 2021, we find that the adverse effects of the COVID-19 shock on output and prices were significant and persistent, especially in emerging and developing countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernando M. Martin & Juan M. Sanchez & Olivia Wilkinson, 2023. "The Economic Impact of COVID-19 around the World," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 105(2), pages 74-88, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedlrv:95840
    DOI: 10.20955/r.105.74-88
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kareem Ismail & Mr. Roberto Perrelli & Jessie Yang, 2020. "Optimism Bias in Growth Forecasts—The Role of Planned Policy Adjustments," IMF Working Papers 2020/229, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Allan Timmermann, 2007. "An Evaluation of the World Economic Outlook Forecasts," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 54(1), pages 1-33, May.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    COVID-19; output growth; employment; government expenditures; monetary policy; money supply; government debt; inflation; international trade;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • F34 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Lending and Debt Problems
    • F41 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Open Economy Macroeconomics
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets

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