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Unbanked in America: A Review of the Literature

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  • Paola Boel
  • Peter Zimmerman

Abstract

We review the recent literature on the causes and consequences of financial exclusion—that is, the lack of bank account ownership—in the United States. We examine existing work in a range of fields, including economics, finance, public policy, and sociology.

Suggested Citation

  • Paola Boel & Peter Zimmerman, 2022. "Unbanked in America: A Review of the Literature," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, vol. 2022(07), pages 1-10, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedcec:94275
    DOI: 10.26509/frbc-ec-202207
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stein Berre & Kristian S. Blickle & Rajashri Chakrabarti, 2021. "Banking the Unbanked: The Past and Future of the Free Checking Account," Liberty Street Economics 20210630a, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    2. Campbell, Dennis & Asís Martínez-Jerez, F. & Tufano, Peter, 2012. "Bouncing out of the banking system: An empirical analysis of involuntary bank account closures," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1224-1235.
    3. Terri Friedline & Zibei Chen, 2021. "Digital redlining and the fintech marketplace: Evidence from US zip codes," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 366-388, June.
    4. Sherrie L.W. Rhine & William H. Greene, 2013. "Factors That Contribute to Becoming Unbanked," Journal of Consumer Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1), pages 27-45, April.
    5. Fumiko Hayashi, 2016. "Access to Electronic Payments Systems by Unbanked Consumers," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, issue Q III, pages 51-76.
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    Cited by:

    1. Blanco, Luisa R. & Hernandez, Isaias & Thames, April D. & Chen, Lucia & Serido, Joyce, 2023. "Mind your money: A community-based digital intervention for improving financial capability among Hispanics," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 629-643.
    2. Broader, Jacquelyn, 2024. "Tapping In: Leveraging Open-Loop Fare Payments to Increase Financial Inclusion," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt88v9c0wm, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.

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    Keywords

    unbanked; diversity;

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