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Carbon emissions and the cost of capital: Australian evidence

Author

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  • Yongqing Li
  • Ian Eddie
  • Jinghui Liu

Abstract

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential impact of the approved Australian carbon emissions reduction plan on the cost of capital and the association between companies’ carbon emission intensity and the cost of capital. Design/methodology/approach - – A sample of Australian Stock Exchange 200 (ASX 200)-indexed companies from 2006 to 2010 is used. Hypotheses are tested based on Heckman’s two-stage approach. Three regression models are developed to examine the association between carbon emissions and the cost of capital. Findings - – Using a sample of ASX 200-indexed listed companies, the paper finds that the cost of capital, including the cost of debt and the cost of equity, will increase for emissions-liable companies. Results also show that the cost of debt is positively correlated with a company’s emission intensity. However, little evidence supports that the emission intensity affects the cost of equity. Originality/value - – As it is evident that the emissions reduction plan will adversely affect corporate entities’ cost of capital, this study suggests that companies, investors and lenders need to include carbon emission in risk analysis. An emissions-liable company should establish strategies to combat the impact of the Plan on rising cost that comes with the enforcement of the Plan. Government assistance is essential in the transitional period.

Suggested Citation

  • Yongqing Li & Ian Eddie & Jinghui Liu, 2014. "Carbon emissions and the cost of capital: Australian evidence," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 13(4), pages 400-420, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:eme:rafpps:v:13:y:2014:i:4:p:400-420
    DOI: 10.1108/RAF-08-2012-0074
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Zhu, Bo & Zhao, Yue, 2022. "Carbon risk and the cost of bank loans: Evidence from China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    2. Anis Maaloul, 2018. "The effect of greenhouse gas emissions on cost of debt: Evidence from Canadian firms," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(6), pages 1407-1415, November.
    3. Zhu, Bo & Hou, Rui, 2022. "Carbon risk and dividend policy: Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    4. Tian Zhao & Zhixin Liu, 2022. "Drivers of CO 2 Emissions: A Debt Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-18, February.
    5. Linda Kusumaning Wedari & Amir Moradi‐Motlagh & Christine Jubb, 2023. "The moderating effect of innovation on the relationship between environmental and financial performance: Evidence from high emitters in Australia," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 654-672, January.
    6. Fabio Pizzutilo & Massimo Mariani & Alessandra Caragnano & Marianna Zito, 2020. "Dealing with Carbon Risk and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from the European Market," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-10, October.
    7. Massimo Mariani & Fabio Pizzutilo & Alessandra Caragnano & Marianna Zito, 2021. "Does it pay to be environmentally responsible? Investigating the effect on the weighted average cost of capital: Environmental commitment and the cost of capital," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 28(6), pages 1854-1869, November.
    8. Bakkar, Yassine, 2023. "Climate Risk and Bank Capital Structure," QBS Working Paper Series 2023/04, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Business School.
    9. Huixiang Zeng & Tao Zhang & Zhifang Zhou & Yang Zhao & Xiaohong Chen, 2020. "Water disclosure and firm risk: Empirical evidence from highly water‐sensitive industries in China," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(1), pages 17-38, January.
    10. Binh Bui & Muhammad Nurul Houqe & Muhammad Kaleem Zahir-ul-Hassan, 2022. "Moderating effect of carbon accounting systems on strategy and carbon performance: a CDP analysis," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 33(4), pages 483-524, December.
    11. Zhifang Zhou & Tao Zhang & Kang Wen & Huixiang Zeng & Xiaohong Chen, 2018. "Carbon risk, cost of debt financing and the moderation effect of media attention: Evidence from Chinese companies operating in high‐carbon industries," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(8), pages 1131-1144, December.
    12. Phan, Dinh Hoang Bach & Tran, Vuong Thao & Ming, Tee Chwee & Le, Anh, 2022. "Carbon risk and corporate investment: A cross-country evidence," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 46(PB).
    13. Yujin Kim & Su-In Kim, 2022. "Environmental Risk and Credit Ratings, and the Moderating Effect of Market Competition," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-17, April.
    14. Lakshmi, Geeta & Tilley, Simon, 2019. "The “power” of community renewable energy enterprises: The case of Sustainable Hockerton Ltd," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 787-795.
    15. Tesfaye T. Lemma & Martin Feedman & Mthokozisi Mlilo & Jin Dong Park, 2019. "Corporate carbon risk, voluntary disclosure, and cost of capital: South African evidence," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(1), pages 111-126, January.
    16. Faisal Faisal & Erika Dwi Andiningtyas & Tarmizi Achmad & Haryanto Haryanto & Wahyu Meiranto, 2018. "The content and determinants of greenhouse gas emission disclosure: Evidence from Indonesian companies," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(6), pages 1397-1406, November.
    17. Choi, Young Mok & Park, Kunsu, 2019. "Does foreign currency-denominated debt affect dividend payout policy? Evidence from Korea," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 20-34.
    18. Safiullah, Md & Kabir, Md. Nurul & Miah, Mohammad Dulal, 2021. "Carbon emissions and credit ratings," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    19. Ignatius Edward Riantono & Felicia Wigna Sunarto, 2022. "Factor Affecting Intentions of Indonesian Companies to Disclose Carbon Emission," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(3), pages 451-459, May.
    20. Mohammad Dulal Miah & Rashedul Hasan & Mohammed Usman, 2021. "Carbon Emissions and Firm Performance: Evidence from Financial and Non-Financial Firms from Selected Emerging Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, November.
    21. Kabir, Md Nurul & Rahman, Sohanur & Rahman, Md Arifur & Anwar, Mumtaheena, 2021. "Carbon emissions and default risk: International evidence from firm-level data," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).

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