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Deconstructing the origins of Cressey’s Fraud Triangle

Author

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  • Peter Tickner
  • Mark Button

Abstract

Purpose - Cressey’s Fraud Triangle has been referenced in 8,584 studies and academic papers [1] and is a stalwart of training courses for accounting and audit practitioners and fraud investigators. The Fraud Triangle has endured for three decades in the academic and practitioner worlds. This study aims to explore the origins of Cressey’s Fraud Triangle and challenge its practical value to a fraud investigator. Design/methodology/approach - This study has developed from analysis of a targeted literature review carried out as part of a wider study into occupational fraud and corruption. Findings - Cressey’s name is intrinsically linked to the Fraud Triangle, although he never used the expression during his lifetime. Two of the three motivational factors identified by Cressey (1953) were developed from the earlier work of Svend Riemer (1941), who it is suggested should have equal billing with Donald Cressey for the concepts that led to the creation of the Fraud Triangle. Practical implications - The paper illustrates the limitations of Cressey’s Fraud Triangle for practitioners. Originality/value - Many academics and researchers have either misunderstood Cressey’s role in the development of the Fraud Triangle or been unaware of its true origins. Although the pioneering work of Riemer is referenced in a 2014 study on the Fraud Triangle by Alexander Schuchter and Michael Levi, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to identify the influence of Riemer on Cressey’s thinking and the development of the Fraud Triangle.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Tickner & Mark Button, 2021. "Deconstructing the origins of Cressey’s Fraud Triangle," Journal of Financial Crime, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 28(3), pages 722-731, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:eme:jfcpps:jfc-10-2020-0204
    DOI: 10.1108/JFC-10-2020-0204
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Namrata Sandhu & Shefali Saluja, 2023. "Fraud Triangle as an Audit Tool," Management and Labour Studies, XLRI Jamshedpur, School of Business Management & Human Resources, vol. 48(3), pages 418-443, August.
    2. Alhumoudi Hamad & Alhumoudi Abdullah, 2023. "The Role of Forensic Accountants in Fraud and Corruption Cases and Its Impact on Business Development: The Case of Saudi Arabia," Journal of Forensic Accounting Profession, Sciendo, vol. 3(2), pages 13-36, December.
    3. Riana Iren Radu & Alexandra Basa & Andrei-Mirel Florea, 2024. "The Techniques and Skills Needed by the Forensic Accounting Expert to Identify Fraud Attempts in Romania," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 2, pages 62-70.

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