Bootstrap methods for analyzing time studies and input data for simulations

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present bootstrapping as an alternative statistical methodology to analyze time studies and input data for discrete‐event simulations. Bootstrapping is a non‐parametric technique to estimate the sampling distribution of a statistic by doing repeated sampling (i.e. resampling) with replacement from an original sample. This paper proposes a relatively simple implementation of bootstrap techniques to time study analysis. Design/methodology/approach - Using an inductive approach, this work selects a typical situation to conduct a time study, applies two bootstrap procedures for the statistical analysis, compares bootstrap to traditional parametric approaches, and extrapolates general advantages of bootstrapping over parametric approaches. Findings - Bootstrap produces accurate inferences when compared to those from parametric methods, and it is an alternative when the underlying parametric assumptions are not met. Research limitations/implications - Research results contribute to work measurement and simulation fields since bootstrap promises an increase in accuracy in cases where the normality assumption is violated or only small samples are available. Furthermore, this paper shows that electronic spreadsheets are appropriate tools to implement the proposed bootstrap procedures. Originality/value - In previous work, the standard procedure to analyze time studies and input data for simulations is a parametric approach. Bootstrap permits to obtain both point estimates and estimates of time distributions. Engineers and managers involved in process improvement initiatives could use bootstrap to exploit better the information from available samples.