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Determinants of shadow economy in OIC and non-OIC countries: the role of financial development

Author

Listed:
  • Shabeer Khan
  • Baharom Abdul Hamid
  • Mohd Ziaur Rehman

Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the determinants and the impact of financial development on shadow economy in OIC countries and then compared with non-OIC countries. Design/methodology/approach - The study applies advanced panel GMM technique. Findings - The study finds that macro-variables (unemployment, economic growth, money supply and foreign trade) and institutional variables reduce shadow economy both in OIC and non-OIC countries. The study also explores that financial development mitigates shadow economy; however, its impact is significantly less in case of OIC economies compared to the non-OIC countries. Research limitations/implications - Since the focus of this study is OIC countries vs non-OIC countries, the research only includes discussion about shadow economy in 42 OIC member states and 99 non-OIC economies. The decision to restrict the study to 42 OIC economies and 99 non-OIC nations is due to the availability of data. Practical implications - The study suggests that free market and good business environment in the formal economy are the keys to have less shadow economy. Good institutional setup and ease in regulations can attract firms and businesses from informal sector to the official economy, while political instability is one of the main factors for having large size of shadow economy. Social implications - The OIC member countries should implement policies which improve accessibility to finance of every citizen of the country. Originality/value - Despite the growing importance of shadow economy, the literature investigating determinants and the role of financial development in shadow economy is scarce. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no literature that examined the shadow economy in the context of OIC member countries. Furthermore, this study has covered a large number of OIC and non-OIC economics over time and across different groups using largest data and advanced panel GMM techniques.

Suggested Citation

  • Shabeer Khan & Baharom Abdul Hamid & Mohd Ziaur Rehman, 2021. "Determinants of shadow economy in OIC and non-OIC countries: the role of financial development," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 18(10), pages 3373-3393, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:eme:ijoemp:ijoem-02-2020-0193
    DOI: 10.1108/IJOEM-02-2020-0193
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Dada, James Temitope & Ajide, Folorunsho Monsur & Arnaut, Marina & Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2024. "On the contributing factors to shadow economy in Africa: Do natural resources, ethnicity and religious diversity make any difference?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    2. Nguyen, Dinh Trung & Duong, Kim Thanh, 2024. "Financial stress and shadow economy: A global study from a new worldwide database," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    3. Baah Aye Kusi, 2023. "Exploring the nonlinear effect of shadow economies on sustainable development in Africa: does the level of financial market development matter?," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(6), pages 551-572, October.
    4. Ridwan, Lanre Ibrahim & Ajide, Kazeem Bello & Cifuentes-Faura, Javier & Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2024. "Shadow economy implications of financial development in Africa: Do income groups also matter?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    5. Ada Aliaj & Rovena Vangjel, 2023. "Financial Development and Its Impact on the Shadow Economy in Albania," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Richtmann Publishing Ltd, vol. 12, May.
    6. Wajahat Azmi & Zaheer Anwer & Mohsin Ali & Shamsher Mohamad, 2024. "Competition, stability, and institutional environment: The case of dual banking economies," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 609-631, January.
    7. Musa Abdullahi Sakanko & Joseph David & Nurudeen Abu & Awadh Ahmed Mohammed Gamal, 2024. "Financial inclusion and underground economy nexus in West Africa: evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel techniques," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 1-20, February.

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