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Banking sector earnings management using loan loss provisions in the Fintech era

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  • Peterson K. Ozili

Abstract

Purpose - This paper analyzes banking sector earnings management using loan loss provisions (LLPs) in the Fintech era. Design/methodology/approach - Regression methodology was used to examine earnings management in the Fintech era. Findings - The findings show evidence for bank income smoothing using LLPs. There is greater income smoothing in the second-wave Fintech era compared to the first-wave Fintech era, and the presence of strong institutions did not lower income smoothing in the second-wave era. Bank income smoothing is also greater in (1) Bank of International Settlement (BIS) and EU countries than in non-EU countries and G7 countries, (2) well-capitalized banking sectors and (3) during economic booms in the second-wave Fintech era. Practical implications - The competition for loans and deposits by banks and Fintech lenders in the second-wave Fintech era created additional incentives for banks to engage in income smoothing to report competitive and stable earnings. Originality/value - The study uses a unique approach to detect country-level earnings management in the banking sector. Also, this study extends the bank earnings management literature by introducing the Fintech era as a determinant of the extent of bank earnings management.

Suggested Citation

  • Peterson K. Ozili, 2020. "Banking sector earnings management using loan loss provisions in the Fintech era," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 18(1), pages 75-93, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:eme:ijmfpp:ijmf-07-2020-0369
    DOI: 10.1108/IJMF-07-2020-0369
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bouvatier, Vincent & Lepetit, Laetitia & Strobel, Frank, 2014. "Bank income smoothing, ownership concentration and the regulatory environment," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 253-270.
    2. Peterson K. Ozili, 2017. "Bank earnings smoothing, audit quality and procyclicality in Africa," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 16(2), pages 142-161, May.
    3. Laeven, Luc & Majnoni, Giovanni, 2003. "Loan loss provisioning and economic slowdowns: too much, too late?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 178-197, April.
    4. Zongrun Wang & Nan Xie & Yanbo Jin, 2019. "Do Loan Loss Provisions Affect the Credit Fluctuations in China’s Banking System?," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(11), pages 2425-2436, September.
    5. Balla, Eliana & Rose, Morgan J., 2015. "Loan loss provisions, accounting constraints, and bank ownership structure," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 92-117.
    6. Peterson K. Ozili, 2018. "Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 18(4), pages 329-340, December.
    7. Peterson K. Ozili, 2019. "Bank loan loss provisions, risk-taking and bank intangibles," Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 9(1), pages 21-39.
    8. Thomas Philippon, 2016. "The FinTech Opportunity," NBER Working Papers 22476, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    9. Beatty, Anne & Liao, Scott, 2014. "Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(2), pages 339-383.
    10. Wheeler, P. Barrett, 2019. "Loan loss accounting and procyclical bank lending: The role of direct regulatory actions," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 463-495.
    11. Vincent Bouvatier & Laetitia Lepetit, 2012. "Effects of Loan Loss Provisions on Growth in Bank Lending: Some International Comparisons," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 132, pages 91-116.
    12. Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu, 2018. "Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability," MPRA Paper 84771, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Małgorzata Olszak & Mateusz Pipień & Iwona Kowalska & Sylwia Roszkowska, 2017. "What Drives Heterogeneity of Cyclicality of Loan-Loss Provisions in the EU?," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 51(1), pages 55-96, February.
    14. Vincent Bouvatier & Laetitia Lepetit, 2012. "Effects of Loan Loss Provisions on Growth in Bank Lending: Some International Comparisons," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 132, pages 91-116.
    15. Ozili, Peterson K, 2019. "Bank loan loss provisioning during election years in Nigeria," MPRA Paper 96704, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Peterson K. Ozili & Erick Outa, 2017. "Bank loan loss provisions research: A review," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 17(3), pages 144-163, September.
    17. Rainer Alt & Roman Beck & Martin T. Smits, 2018. "FinTech and the transformation of the financial industry," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 28(3), pages 235-243, August.
    18. Tatiana Zalan & Elissar Toufaily, 2017. "The Promise of Fintech in Emerging Markets: Not as Disruptive," Contemporary Economics, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw., vol. 11(4), December.
    19. Kanagaretnam, Kiridaran & Lim, Chee Yeow & Lobo, Gerald J., 2014. "Effects of international institutional factors on earnings quality of banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 87-106.
    20. García Osma, Beatriz & Mora, Araceli & Porcuna-Enguix, Luis, 2019. "Prudential supervisors’ independence and income smoothing in European banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 156-176.
    21. Aristei, David & Gallo, Manuela, 2019. "Loan loss provisioning by Italian banks: Managerial discretion, relationship banking, functional distance and bank risk," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 238-256.
    22. Manthos D. Delis & Sotirios Kokas & Steven Ongena, 2017. "Bank Market Power and Firm Performance," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 21(1), pages 299-326.
    23. Peterson, Ozili K. & Arun, Thankom G., 2018. "Income smoothing among European systemic and non-systemic banks," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(5), pages 539-558.
    24. repec:cii:cepiei:2012-q4-132-3 is not listed on IDEAS
    25. Ozili, Peterson K, 2017. "Bank Loan Loss Provisions, Investor Protection and the Macroeconomy," MPRA Paper 80147, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    26. Peterson K. Ozili, 2019. "Bank loan loss provisioning during election years: cross-country evidence," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 16(4), pages 413-431, December.
    27. Sushma Vishnani & Sonu Agarwal & Ritika Agarwalla & Saumya Gupta, 2019. "Earnings Management, Capital Management and Signalling Behaviour of Indian Banks," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 26(3), pages 285-295, September.
    28. Ozili, Peterson K, 2017. "Bank Earnings Smoothing, Audit Quality and Procyclicality in Africa: The Case of Loan Loss Provisions," MPRA Paper 92646, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Cited by:

    1. Peterson K. Ozili, 2023. "Determinants of FinTech and BigTech lending: the role of financial inclusion and financial development," Journal of Economic Analysis, Anser Press, vol. 2(3), pages 66-79, May.
    2. Ozili, Peterson K, 2021. "Bank non-performing loans in the Fintech era," MPRA Paper 113467, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Banking sector; Income smoothing; Regulatory quality; Legal quality; Market power; Fintech; Nonperforming loans; Earnings smoothing; Loan loss provisions; Earnings management; Digital finance; G21; G28;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • M0 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - General
    • M4 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting
    • M41 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Accounting
    • M42 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Auditing

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