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The water footprint of tourism in Spain

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  • Cazcarro, I.
  • Hoekstra, A.Y.
  • Sánchez Chóliz, J.

Abstract

This study complements the water footprint (WF) estimations for Spain, incorporating insights of the process analysis and input–output (IO) analysis. We evaluate the virtual (both blue and green consumed) water trade of agricultural and industrial products, but also of services, especially through tourism, for a country in which more than 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) derives from this activity. We use domestic and import disaggregated tables in the agro-alimentary activities, based mainly on national agrarian, industrial, services and trade statistics. In order to obtain import coefficients, water data and IO tables of the main trade partners are used to reproduce the technology of these economies. Results show that 16% of the Spanish exports are due to foreign tourism, thus the water footprint of foreign tourism in Spain is 3.7 km3. Finally, we compare reductions in total tourism expenditure and the domestic and global water footprint of tourism using four scenarios.

Suggested Citation

  • Cazcarro, I. & Hoekstra, A.Y. & Sánchez Chóliz, J., 2014. "The water footprint of tourism in Spain," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 90-101.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:touman:v:40:y:2014:i:c:p:90-101
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.010
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    Cited by:

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    2. Fabio Iraldo & Benedetta Nucci, 2016. "Proactive environmental management in hotels: What difference does it make?," ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2016(2), pages 81-106.
    3. Marcelo Werneck Barbosa & José M. Cansino, 2022. "A Water Footprint Management Construct in Agri-Food Supply Chains: A Content Validity Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-17, April.
    4. Gössling, Stefan, 2015. "New performance indicators for water management in tourism," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 233-244.
    5. Koç, Cengiz & Bakış, Recep & Bayazıt, Yıldırım, 2017. "A study on assessing the domestic water resources, demands and its quality in holiday region of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 10-19.
    6. Zhenquan Xiao & Polat Muhtar & Wenxiu Huo & Chaogao An & Ling Yang & Fengrong Zhang, 2021. "Spatial and Temporal Differentiation of the Tourism Water Footprint in Mainland China and Its Influencing Factors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-23, September.
    7. Vasja Roblek & Danijel Drpić & Maja Meško & Vedran Milojica, 2021. "Evolution of Sustainable Tourism Concepts," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-21, November.
    8. Kaisheng Luo & Fulu Tao & Juana P. Moiwo, 2018. "Transfer of Virtual Water of Woody Forest Products from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-14, February.
    9. Sesma Martín, Diego & Rubio-Varas, Mª. del Mar, 2017. "Freshwater for Cooling Needs: A Long-Run Approach to the Nuclear Water Footprint in Spain," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 146-156.
    10. Gonzalez-Perez, Daniel M. & Martín Martín, José María & Guaita Martínez, José Manuel & Morales Pachón, Andrés, 2023. "Analyzing the real size of the tourism industry on the basis of an assessment of water consumption patterns," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    11. Osorio, Pilar & Cadarso, María-Ángeles & Tobarra, María-Ángeles & García-Alaminos, Ángela, 2023. "Carbon footprint of tourism in Spain: Covid-19 impact and a look forward to recovery," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 303-318.
    12. Vanham, D., 2016. "Does the water footprint concept provide relevant information to address the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus?," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 298-307.
    13. Allan, Grant J. & Lecca, Patrizio & Swales, Kim, 2017. "The impacts of temporary but anticipated tourism spending: An application to the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 325-337.
    14. Shuxin Wang & Yiyuan Hu & Hong He & Genxu Wang, 2017. "Progress and Prospects for Tourism Footprint Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-17, October.
    15. Yu Zhang & Qing Tian & Huan Hu & Miao Yu, 2019. "Water Footprint of Food Consumption by Chinese Residents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-15, October.
    16. Yu Zhang & Jin-he Zhang & Qing Tian, 2021. "Virtual Water Trade in the Service Sector: China’s Inbound Tourism as a Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-20, February.
    17. Mi Tian & Qingwen Min & Fei Lun & Zheng Yuan & Anthony M. Fuller & Lun Yang & Yongxun Zhang & Jie Zhou, 2015. "Evaluation of Tourism Water Capacity in Agricultural Heritage Sites," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-22, November.
    18. Osorio, Pilar & Tobarra, María-Ángeles & Tomás, Manuel, 2024. "Are there gender differences in household carbon footprints? Evidence from Spain," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).

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