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Race, place and AIDS: The role of socioeconomic context on racial disparities in treatment and survival in San Francisco

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  • Arnold, Michael
  • Hsu, Ling
  • Pipkin, Sharon
  • McFarland, Willi
  • Rutherford, George W.

Abstract

Prior evidence suggests that the health and longevity benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for persons living with AIDS (PLWAs) have not been equally distributed across racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Notably, black PLWAs tend to fare worse than their counterparts. We examine the role of neighborhood socioeconomic context on racial/ethnic differences in AIDS treatment and survival in San Francisco. The study population encompassed 4211 San Francisco residents diagnosed with AIDS between 1996 and 2001. Vital status was reported through 2006. Census data were used to define neighborhood-level indicators of income, housing, demographics, employment and education. Cox proportional hazards models were employed in multivariate analyses of survival times. Compared to whites, blacks had a significant 1.4 greater mortality hazard ratio (HR), which decreased after accounting for ART initiation. PLWAs in the lowest socioeconomic neighborhoods had a significant HR of 1.4 relative to those in higher socioeconomic neighborhoods, independent of race/ethnicity. The neighborhood association decreased after accounting for ART initiation. Path analysis was used to explore causal pathways to ART initiation. Racial/ethnic differences in neighborhood residence accounted for 19-22% of the 1.6-1.8 black-white relative odds ratio (ROR) and 14-15% of the 1.3-1.4 Latino-white ROR for delayed or no treatment. Our findings illuminate the independent and synergistic contributions of race and place on treatment disparities and highlight the need for future studies and interventions to address treatment initiation as well as neighborhood effects on treatment differences.

Suggested Citation

  • Arnold, Michael & Hsu, Ling & Pipkin, Sharon & McFarland, Willi & Rutherford, George W., 2009. "Race, place and AIDS: The role of socioeconomic context on racial disparities in treatment and survival in San Francisco," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 121-128, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:69:y:2009:i:1:p:121-128
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    2. Diana M. Sheehan & Daniel E. Mauck & Kristopher P. Fennie & Elena A. Cyrus & Lorene M. Maddox & Spencer Lieb & Mary Jo Trepka, 2017. "Black–White and Country of Birth Disparities in Retention in HIV Care and Viral Suppression among Latinos with HIV in Florida, 2015," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-12, January.
    3. Loredana Ingrosso & Fenicia Vescio & Massimo Giuliani & Giovanni Battista Migliori & Lanfranco Fattorini & Santino Severoni & Giovanni Rezza, 2014. "Risk Factors for Tuberculosis in Foreign-Born People (FBP) in Italy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(4), pages 1-13, April.
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    5. Ishida, Kanako & Arnold, Michael & Stupp, Paul & Kizito, Paul & Ichwara, Jared, 2012. "Exploring the connections between HIV serostatus and individual, household, and community socioeconomic resources: Evidence from two population-based surveys in Kenya," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(2), pages 185-195.

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