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Is the urban excess in lung cancer in Scotland explained by patterns of smoking?

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  • Pearce, Jamie
  • Boyle, Paul

Abstract

Numerous studies have shown that lung cancer rates are higher in urban than rural areas, controlling for differences in age and sex profiles. One explanation is that smoking rates are higher in urban areas, although it is not clear whether the variations in smoking behaviour fully account for the observed urban/rural gradient in lung cancer incidence. Indeed, some studies have demonstrated an excess of cases in urban areas, even controlling for smoking behaviour. However, previous studies have been hampered by the lack of small-area smoking estimates which are required if urban/rural variations are to be examined reliably. This paper considers whether there is an urban excess in lung cancer incidence in Scotland, a country with particularly high rates of the disease, for the period 1988-1991. First, we examine whether an urban excess exists in Scotland using Poisson probabilities and a cluster detection technique. Second, regression analysis was then used to test whether any urban excess in lung cancer incidence remained once smoking behaviour was controlled for, using smoking estimates calculated for small areas throughout Scotland. The results demonstrate that the rates of lung cancer were higher in urban areas and that all the significant clusters of cases of lung cancer were located in the large urban centres of Scotland. Smoking behaviour did account for much of this urban excess in lung cancer, although it did not explain the entire effect. These results suggest that there are urban effects that influence the incidence of lung cancer that are not explained entirely by smoking behaviour. Possible explanations include the variations in exposure to air pollution, occupational differences and the legacy of selective migration between urban and rural areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Pearce, Jamie & Boyle, Paul, 2005. "Is the urban excess in lung cancer in Scotland explained by patterns of smoking?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(12), pages 2833-2843, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:60:y:2005:i:12:p:2833-2843
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robin Haynes, 1988. "The Urban Distribution of Lung Cancer Mortality in England and Wales 1980-1983," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 25(6), pages 497-506, December.
    2. Brimblecombe, Nic & Dorling, Danny & Shaw, Mary, 1999. "Mortality and migration in Britain, first results from the British Household Panel Survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 49(7), pages 981-988, October.
    3. Boyle, Paul & Norman, Paul & Rees, Philip, 2002. "Does migration exaggerate the relationship between deprivation and limiting long-term illness? A Scottish analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 21-31, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Martin, Leanne & White, Mathew P. & Pahl, Sabine & May, Jon & Wheeler, Benedict W., 2020. "Neighbourhood greenspace and smoking prevalence: Results from a nationally representative survey in England," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    2. Michael Goodman & Judy S. LaKind & Jerald A. Fagliano & Timothy L. Lash & Joseph L. Wiemels & Deborah M. Winn & Chirag Patel & Juliet Van Eenwyk & Betsy A. Kohler & Enrique F. Schisterman & Paul Alber, 2014. "Cancer Cluster Investigations: Review of the Past and Proposals for the Future," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-21, January.
    3. Pearce, Jamie & Barnett, Ross & Jones, Irfon, 2007. "Have urban/rural inequalities in suicide in New Zealand grown during the period 1980-2001?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 65(8), pages 1807-1819, October.
    4. Sara McLafferty & Fahui Wang & Lan Luo & Jared Butler, 2011. "Rural — Urban Inequalities in Late-Stage Breast Cancer: Spatial and Social Dimensions of Risk and Access," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 38(4), pages 726-740, August.
    5. Exeter, Daniel J. & Boyle, Paul J. & Norman, Paul, 2011. "Deprivation (im)mobility and cause-specific premature mortality in Scotland," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 72(3), pages 389-397, February.

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