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Exploring the effect of loneliness on all-cause mortality: Are there differences between older adults and younger and middle-aged adults?

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  • Lara, Elvira
  • Moreno-Agostino, Darío
  • Martín-María, Natalia
  • Miret, Marta
  • Rico-Uribe, Laura Alejandra
  • Olaya, Beatriz
  • Cabello, María
  • Haro, Josep Maria
  • Ayuso-Mateos, José Luis

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the association between loneliness and all-cause mortality over a six-year follow-up period using the overall sample and by age groups (18–59 years and 60+ years). Method. Data from a longitudinal, prospective study of a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish non-institutionalized adult population were analysed (n = 4467). Mortality was ascertained via linkage to the National Death Index or obtained during the household visits. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was used to measure loneliness. Sex, age, education, physical activity, tobacco consumption, body mass index, disability, depression, living situation, and social participation were also considered as covariates. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were carried out. Results. A higher level of loneliness was not associated with mortality risk in fully covariate-adjusted models over the entire population (HR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.94, 1.12). The interaction term between loneliness and age groups was significant, indicating that the rate for survival of loneliness varied by age (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.63 for young- and middle-aged individuals; HR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.04 for older adults). Conclusions. The development of interventions aimed at tackling loneliness among young- and middle-aged adults might contribute to a mortality risk reduction. Future research is warranted to test whether our results can be replicated.

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  • Lara, Elvira & Moreno-Agostino, Darío & Martín-María, Natalia & Miret, Marta & Rico-Uribe, Laura Alejandra & Olaya, Beatriz & Cabello, María & Haro, Josep Maria & Ayuso-Mateos, José Luis, 2020. "Exploring the effect of loneliness on all-cause mortality: Are there differences between older adults and younger and middle-aged adults?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:258:y:2020:i:c:s0277953620303063
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113087
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas Hansen & Britt Slagsvold, 2016. "Late-Life Loneliness in 11 European Countries: Results from the Generations and Gender Survey," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 129(1), pages 445-464, October.
    2. Noe Garin & Beatriz Olaya & Maria Victoria Moneta & Marta Miret & Antonio Lobo & Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos & Josep Maria Haro, 2014. "Impact of Multimorbidity on Disability and Quality of Life in the Spanish Older Population," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(11), pages 1-12, November.
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    5. Laura Alejandra Rico-Uribe & Francisco Félix Caballero & Beatriz Olaya & Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk & Seppo Koskinen & Matilde Leonardi & Josep Maria Haro & Somnath Chatterji & José Luis Ayuso-Mateos & Ma, 2016. "Loneliness, Social Networks, and Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, January.
    6. Luo, Ye & Hawkley, Louise C. & Waite, Linda J. & Cacioppo, John T., 2012. "Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(6), pages 907-914.
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    3. Bu, Feifei & Steptoe, Andrew & Fancourt, Daisy, 2020. "Loneliness during a strict lockdown: Trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 38,217 United Kingdom adults," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
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    5. Freak-Poli, Rosanne & Jenkins, Stephen P. & Shields, Michael A. & Trinh, Trong-Anh, 2024. "Evidence on the Robustness of the Links between Social Relationships and Mortality," IZA Discussion Papers 17274, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

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