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Social capital and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2007 earthquake in Pisco, Peru

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  • Flores, Elaine C.
  • Carnero, Andres M.
  • Bayer, Angela M.

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the association between chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and both structural and cognitive social capital in adult survivors of the 2007 earthquake in Pisco, Peru. Cognitive social capital measures trust, sense of belonging and interpersonal relationships in the community and structural social capital measures group membership, support from community groups and individuals, and involvement in citizenship activities. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in five counties in Pisco, selecting 1012 adults through complex, multi-stage random sampling. All participants completed socio-demographic questions and validated Spanish-language versions of the Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool (SASCAT) and the civilian PTSD checklist (PCL-C). After performing descriptive and bivariate analyses, we carried out prevalence ratio (PR) regression. The overall prevalence of chronic PTSD was 15.9% (95% CI: 12.3, 19.8), much higher than anticipated based on existing evidence. Cognitive social capital was found to be negatively associated with chronic PTSD, while no significant association was found for structural social capital. Specifically, those with high cognitive social capital had an almost two times lower prevalence of chronic PTSD (PR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.50, 2.22) compared with those with low cognitive social capital. No independent association between structural social capital and chronic PTSD was found (PR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.70, 2.97). In conclusion, cognitive social capital, but not structural social capital, has a protective influence on the occurrence of chronic PTSD in survivors of natural disasters. These results may have public health implications. For example, pre- and post-disaster community-based interventions that catalyze and foster dimensions of cognitive social capital may aid in ameliorating the effect of earthquakes and other natural disasters on populations with high vulnerability to such events and poor access to mental health and other support services.

Suggested Citation

  • Flores, Elaine C. & Carnero, Andres M. & Bayer, Angela M., 2014. "Social capital and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2007 earthquake in Pisco, Peru," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 9-17.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:101:y:2014:i:c:p:9-17
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.012
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    3. Mario J. Valladares-Garrido & Luis E. Zapata-Castro & C. Ichiro Peralta & Abigaíl García-Vicente & David Astudillo-Rueda & Darwin A. León-Figueroa & Cristian Díaz-Vélez, 2022. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the 6.1 Magnitude Earthquake in Piura, Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-15, September.
    4. Rung, Ariane L. & Gaston, Symielle & Robinson, William T. & Trapido, Edward J. & Peters, Edward S., 2017. "Untangling the disaster-depression knot: The role of social ties after Deepwater Horizon," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 19-26.
    5. Lingnan He & Kaisheng Lai & Zhongxuan Lin & Zhihao Ma, 2018. "Media Exposure and General Trust as Predictors of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Ten Years after the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, October.
    6. O'Donohue, Katelyn & Berger, Emily & McLean, Louise & Carroll, Matthew, 2021. "Psychological outcomes for young adults after disastrous events: A mixed-methods scoping review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    7. Kawachi, Ichiro & Subramanian, S.V., 2018. "Social epidemiology for the 21st century," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 240-245.
    8. Salinger, Allison P. & Charles, Isabel & Francis, Naomi & Batagol, Becky & Meo-Sewabu, Litea & Nasir, Sudirman & Bass, Audra & Habsji, Hamdan & Malumu, Losalini & Marzaman, Liza & Prescott, Michaela F, 2024. "“People are now working together for a common good”: The effect on social capital of participatory design for community-level sanitation infrastructure in urban informal settlements," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    9. Cantor-Graae, Elizabeth & Chak, Thida & Sunbaunat, Ka & Jarl, Johan & Larsson, Charlotte A., 2014. "Long-term psychiatric consequences of exposure to trauma in Cambodia: A regional household survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 133-140.
    10. Hung Wong & Yunong Huang & Yao Fu & Yin Zhang, 2019. "Impacts of Structural Social Capital and Cognitive Social Capital on the Psychological Status of Survivors of the Yaan Earthquake," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 14(5), pages 1411-1433, November.
    11. Kuziemsky, Craig E. & O'Sullivan, Tracey L., 2015. "A model for common ground development to support collaborative health communities," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 231-238.

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