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Examining evidence of financial and credit exclusion in Canada from 1999 to 2005

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  • Simpson, Wayne
  • Buckland, Jerry

Abstract

Changes are occurring in the provision of consumer credit, including the expansion of subprime and some fringe financial services (e.g., payday lending). We link two existing literatures on credit constraint and financial exclusion to assess the impact of these developments on the financial circumstances of low and modest-income consumers. We develop a model that identifies observable measures of credit constraint and financial exclusion and relate them to consumer characteristics and life cycle behaviour. We estimate this model using the two latest Surveys of Financial Security for 1999 and 2005, which provide consistent evidence of credit constraint and financial exclusion through time. We find modest overlap among our measures of financial exclusion, which include a zero balance/no account, credit card refusal, and using a pawnshop. Probit regression is used to investigate the factors influencing the incidence of financial exclusion. The results are similar for 1999 and 2005 and indicate rising incidence of financial exclusion as income and wealth fall, although the relationship is nonlinear such that incidence rises much faster at very low levels of income and wealth. Our analysis also suggests potentially important links between financial literacy, formal education, asset building, and financial exclusion and credit constraint. When we combine the samples, we find statistically significant evidence of growth in the incidence of each indicator of financial exclusion when other factors are held constant. Policy implications may include the strengthening of banking regulations that affect low-income Canadians and the promotion of universal financial literacy.

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  • Simpson, Wayne & Buckland, Jerry, 2009. "Examining evidence of financial and credit exclusion in Canada from 1999 to 2005," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 966-976, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:soceco:v:38:y:2009:i:6:p:966-976
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. James Devlin, 2005. "A Detailed Study of Financial Exclusion in the UK," Journal of Consumer Policy, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 75-108, December.
    2. Dean Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2009. "Observing Unobservables: Identifying Information Asymmetries With a Consumer Credit Field Experiment," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(6), pages 1993-2008, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daisy Johana Pacheco & Ana María Yaruro, 2018. "Factors Affecting Ownership of Financial Products in Colombia," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, in: María José Roa García & Diana Mejía (ed.), Financial Decisions of Households and Financial Inclusion: Evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 6, pages 157-192, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA.
    2. Bowles, Paul & Ajit, D. & Dempsey, Keely & Shaw, Trevor, 2011. "Urban Aboriginal use of fringe financial institutions: Survey evidence from Prince George, British Columbia," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 40(6), pages 895-902.
    3. Yener Altunbas & John Thornton & Alper Kara, 2010. "What Determines Financial Exclusion? Evidence from Bolivian Household Data," Working Papers 10018, Bangor Business School, Prifysgol Bangor University (Cymru / Wales).
    4. Tetteh, Godsway Korku & Goedhuys, Micheline & Konte, Maty & Mohnen, Pierre, 2020. "Towards a new index of mobile money inclusion and the role of the regulatory environment," MERIT Working Papers 2020-035, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    5. Solomon Y. Deku & Alper Kara & Philip Molyneux, 2016. "Access to consumer credit in the UK," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(10), pages 941-964, August.
    6. Y Deku, Solomon & Kara, Alper & Smith, Kay & Xia, Mengxue, 2022. "Ethnic minorities’ access to mortgages in the UK: The undesirable impact of the Great Financial Crisis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    7. Alper Kara & Philip Molyneux, 2017. "Household Access to Mortgages in the UK," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 52(3), pages 253-275, December.
    8. Mylonidis, Nikolaos & Chletsos, Michael & Barbagianni, Vanessa, 2019. "Financial exclusion in the USA: Looking beyond demographics," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 144-158.
    9. Raksmey, Uch & Lin, Ching-Yang & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2022. "Macroprudential regulation and financial inclusion: Any difference between developed and developing countries?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    10. Kara, Alper & Zhou, Haoyong & Zhou, Yifan, 2021. "Achieving the United Nations' sustainable development goals through financial inclusion: A systematic literature review of access to finance across the globe," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    11. Daisy Johana Pacheco & Ana María Yaruro, 2016. "Factores que afectan la tenencia de productos financieros en Colombia," Borradores de Economia 978, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    12. Angélica del Carmen Calle Sarmiento, 2018. "Analysis of the Ownership of Financial Products: Evidence to Contribute to Financial Inclusion in Bolivia," Investigación Conjunta-Joint Research, in: María José Roa García & Diana Mejía (ed.), Financial Decisions of Households and Financial Inclusion: Evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 2, pages 15-50, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, CEMLA.
    13. Jae Min Lee & Narang Park & Wookjae Heo, 2019. "Importance of Subjective Financial Knowledge and Perceived Credit Score in Payday Loan Use," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-21, September.

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