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Frequency responsive services by wind generation resources in United States

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  • Singarao, Venkatesh Yadav
  • Rao, Vittal S.

Abstract

United States’ Wind Vision report envisions wind energy to generate 20% and 35% of nation׳s electricity by 2030 and 2050 respectively. Taking in to account of the aforementioned vision, the electric power industry is promoting generation of wind power and integration into the US interconnection grids. Over the last decade, this fast growing grid connected wind power generation has raised several new technical, regulatory and economic concerns for grid operations and electricity markets. Therefore, it becomes essential to perform research study and determine possible solutions for the integration of high penetration levels of wind power with the power grid. This paper focuses on the grid integration issue associated with deteriorated frequency response of power system when significant levels of wind power generation is present in the total generation mix. A brief review of the recently introduced frequency response regulatory standards and requirements for wind power plants in United States is presented along with the turbine manufacturer׳s advanced grid technology upgrade options to maintain the power system reliability. This paper evaluates the provision of ancillary services such as Emulated Inertial Response (EIR) and Primary Frequency Response (PFR) by wind generation resources, and investigates the impact of different control architectures on frequency response metrics. Further, it discusses the costs, benefits and other economic impacts associated with the various frequency control techniques of wind power plants. Finally, guidelines and priorities for wind turbine manufacturers, generating entities, balancing authorities and regulators are provided to ensure the increased reliability without additional costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Singarao, Venkatesh Yadav & Rao, Vittal S., 2016. "Frequency responsive services by wind generation resources in United States," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1097-1108.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:55:y:2016:i:c:p:1097-1108
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.011
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nimmagadda, Sandeep & Islam, Atiqul & Bayne, Stephen B. & Walker, R.P. & Garcia Caballero, Lourdes & Fisas Camanes, Albert, 2014. "A study of recent changes in Southwest Power Pool and Electric Reliability Council of Texas and its impact on the U.S. wind industry," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 350-361.
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    Cited by:

    1. Guillermo Martínez-Lucas & José Ignacio Sarasúa & José Ángel Sánchez-Fernández, 2018. "Frequency Regulation of a Hybrid Wind–Hydro Power Plant in an Isolated Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-25, January.
    2. Marcelo Godoy Simões & Abdullah Bubshait, 2019. "Frequency Support of Smart Grid Using Fuzzy Logic-Based Controller for Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-15, April.
    3. Changgi Min, 2020. "Impact Analysis of Transmission Congestion on Power System Flexibility in Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-11, May.
    4. Hu, Junfeng & Yan, Qingyou & Kahrl, Fredrich & Liu, Xu & Wang, Peng & Lin, Jiang, 2021. "Evaluating the ancillary services market for large-scale renewable energy integration in China's northeastern power grid," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    5. Keeratimahat, Kanyawee & Bruce, Anna & MacGill, Iain, 2021. "Analysis of short-term operational forecast deviations and controllability of utility-scale photovoltaic plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 343-358.
    6. Borne, Olivier & Korte, Klaas & Perez, Yannick & Petit, Marc & Purkus, Alexandra, 2018. "Barriers to entry in frequency-regulation services markets: Review of the status quo and options for improvements," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 605-614.
    7. Siavash Asiaban & Nezmin Kayedpour & Arash E. Samani & Dimitar Bozalakov & Jeroen D. M. De Kooning & Guillaume Crevecoeur & Lieven Vandevelde, 2021. "Wind and Solar Intermittency and the Associated Integration Challenges: A Comprehensive Review Including the Status in the Belgian Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-41, May.
    8. Han, Ji & Miao, Shihong & Chen, Zhe & Liu, Zhou & Li, Yaowang & Yang, Weichen & Liu, Ziwen, 2021. "Multi-View clustering and discrete consensus based tri-level coordinated control of wind farm and adiabatic compressed air energy storage for providing frequency regulation service," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).

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