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Geospatial characterization of low-temperature heating and cooling demand in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors for potential geothermal applications in the United States

Author

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  • Oh, H.
  • Beckers, K.F.
  • McCabe, K.

Abstract

Thermal demand for heating and cooling has been predominantly supplied by fossil fuel combustion in the United States, although low-carbon alternatives are extensively available including geothermal, solar thermal, and waste heat. This study analyzed end-use energy consumption, fuel expenditure, and data center commissioned power data to geospatially characterize the U.S. low-temperature heating and cooling demand at the county level in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors and understand potential opportunities for geothermal applications. In the analysis, the regional-scale energy consumption data was incorporated with system efficiencies to address actual demand and was then disaggregated with weighting factors to the county level. The results indicated that total low-temperature heating and cooling demand is 16.7 EJ, combining heating demand of 10.8 EJ and cooling demand of 5.9 EJ. Overall, 59.9 % (10 EJ) of the low-temperature heating and cooling demand occurred in the residential sector. The heating and cooling demand visualized in maps represented that the geospatial distribution of heating and cooling demand in the residential and commercial sectors is governed by the number of housing units and climate zone designations, while heating and cooling demand in the manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors is dependent on the number and location of facilities. The results also demonstrated that geothermal heat pumps are broadly used in the residential and commercial sectors for heating and cooling in the U.S. Midwest, South, and Northeast regions but are limited in the West, implying great decarbonization potential in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Oh, H. & Beckers, K.F. & McCabe, K., 2024. "Geospatial characterization of low-temperature heating and cooling demand in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors for potential geothermal applications in the ," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:206:y:2024:i:c:s1364032124006014
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114875
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. McMillan, Colin A. & Ruth, Mark, 2019. "Using facility-level emissions data to estimate the technical potential of alternative thermal sources to meet industrial heat demand," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1077-1090.
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