IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v178y2023ics1364032123000990.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electrification of onshore power systems in maritime transportation towards decarbonization of ports: A review of the cold ironing technology

Author

Listed:
  • Abu Bakar, Nur Najihah
  • Bazmohammadi, Najmeh
  • Vasquez, Juan C.
  • Guerrero, Josep M.

Abstract

Cold ironing is a remarkable electrification innovation in the maritime industry for ship transportation, in which diesel engines driving ship generators for onboard load are switched to shore-supplied electricity during berthing. This facility serves not only as an alternative power supply for electric ships but also as part of the green port's strategy. Cold ironing installation is expected to be unavoidable in the long term for all port operators due to stringent emission policies. Even though cold ironing is used by a few ports across the world, it is still regarded as an underutilized technology due to the high upfront cost associated with the shoreside installation and ship's retrofitting, as well as unclear benefits for both sides. The involvement of diverse types of ships with different power requirements, various operational schemes, unpredictable berthing hours, uncertainty in the availability of local power sources, and synchronization issues among others make it very complex to coordinate for optimal cold ironing operations, which necessitate further investigations. This review gives an overview of cold ironing technology, including its operation, power requirement, standardization, challenges, and important assessment for evaluation. A cold ironing implementation strategy to achieve the ultimate seaport decarbonization goal through a synergy between cold ironing and seaport microgrid is also addressed.

Suggested Citation

  • Abu Bakar, Nur Najihah & Bazmohammadi, Najmeh & Vasquez, Juan C. & Guerrero, Josep M., 2023. "Electrification of onshore power systems in maritime transportation towards decarbonization of ports: A review of the cold ironing technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:178:y:2023:i:c:s1364032123000990
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113243
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123000990
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113243?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sandelic, Monika & Peyghami, Saeed & Sangwongwanich, Ariya & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2022. "Reliability aspects in microgrid design and planning: Status and power electronics-induced challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    2. Yan Jiao & Chuanxu Wang, 2021. "Shore power vs low sulfur fuel oil: pricing strategies of carriers and port in a transport chain," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(3), pages 715-724.
    3. Ernestos Tzannatos, 2010. "Cost assessment of ship emission reduction methods at berth: the case of the Port of Piraeus, Greece," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(4), pages 427-445, July.
    4. Yun Peng & Xiangda Li & Wenyuan Wang & Ke Liu & Xiao Bing & Xiangqun Song, 2018. "A Method for Determining the Required Power Capacity of an On-Shore Power System Considering Uncertainties of Arriving Ships," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, November.
    5. Nanxi Wang & Daofang Chang & Xiaowei Shi & Jun Yuan & Yinping Gao, 2019. "Analysis and Design of Typical Automated Container Terminals Layout Considering Carbon Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-40, May.
    6. Xing, Hui & Spence, Stephen & Chen, Hua, 2020. "A comprehensive review on countermeasures for CO2 emissions from ships," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    7. Wang, Lifen & Liang, Chengji & Shi, Jian & Molavi, Anahita & Lim, Gino & Zhang, Yue, 2021. "A bilevel hybrid economic approach for optimal deployment of onshore power supply in maritime ports," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    8. Olaf Merk, 2014. "Shipping Emissions in Ports," International Transport Forum Discussion Papers 2014/20, OECD Publishing.
    9. Bakar, Nur Najihah Abu & Bazmohammadi, Najmeh & Çimen, Halil & Uyanik, Tayfun & Vasquez, Juan C. & Guerrero, Josep M., 2022. "Data-driven ship berthing forecasting for cold ironing in maritime transportation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    10. Woo, Jong-Kyun & Moon, Daniel S.H. & Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee, 2018. "The impact of environmental policy on ports and the associated economic opportunities," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 234-242.
    11. Molavi, Anahita & Shi, Jian & Wu, Yiwei & Lim, Gino J., 2020. "Enabling smart ports through the integration of microgrids: A two-stage stochastic programming approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    12. Zhang, Yue & Liang, Chengji & Shi, Jian & Lim, Gino & Wu, Yiwei, 2022. "Optimal Port Microgrid Scheduling Incorporating Onshore Power Supply and Berth Allocation Under Uncertainty," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    13. Wu, Lingxiao & Wang, Shuaian, 2020. "The shore power deployment problem for maritime transportation," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    14. Iris, Çağatay & Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee, 2019. "A review of energy efficiency in ports: Operational strategies, technologies and energy management systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 170-182.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Tingsong & Cheng, Peiyue & Zhen, Lu, 2023. "Green development of the maritime industry: Overview, perspectives, and future research opportunities," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    2. Shih-Hsien Hsu & Fu-Ming Tzu & Wei-Huang Chang & Yi-Dong Chen, 2024. "Assessing High-Voltage Shore Connection Safety: An In-Depth Study of Grounding Practices in Shore Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-19, March.
    3. Marialisa Nigro & Massimo De Domenico & Tiziana Murgia & Arianna Stimilli, 2024. "The Port Sector in Italy: Its Keystones for Energy-Efficient Growth," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-30, April.
    4. Roko Glavinović & Maja Krčum & Luka Vukić & Ivan Karin, 2023. "Cold Ironing Implementation Overview in European Ports—Case Study—Croatian Ports," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-18, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Claudia Durán & Ivan Derpich & Raúl Carrasco, 2022. "Optimization of Port Layout to Determine Greenhouse Gas Emission Gaps," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Li, Kevin X. & Li, Mengchi & Zhu, Yuhan & Yuen, Kum Fai & Tong, Hao & Zhou, Haoqing, 2023. "Smart port: A bibliometric review and future research directions," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    3. Wang, Lifen & Liang, Chengji & Shi, Jian & Molavi, Anahita & Lim, Gino & Zhang, Yue, 2021. "A bilevel hybrid economic approach for optimal deployment of onshore power supply in maritime ports," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    4. Zhang, Yue & Liang, Chengji & Shi, Jian & Lim, Gino & Wu, Yiwei, 2022. "Optimal Port Microgrid Scheduling Incorporating Onshore Power Supply and Berth Allocation Under Uncertainty," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    5. Jingwen Qi & Hans Wang & Jianfeng Zheng, 2022. "Shore Power Deployment Problem—A Case Study of a Chinese Container Shipping Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-13, June.
    6. Domenico Gattuso & Domenica Savia Pellicanò, 2023. "HUs Fleet Management in an Automated Container Port: Assessment by a Simulation Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-19, July.
    7. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2024. "A solar-assisted liquefied biomethane production by anaerobic digestion: Dynamic simulations for harbors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    8. Raeesi, Ramin & Sahebjamnia, Navid & Mansouri, S. Afshin, 2023. "The synergistic effect of operational research and big data analytics in greening container terminal operations: A review and future directions," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 310(3), pages 943-973.
    9. Anas S. Alamoush & Dimitrios Dalaklis & Fabio Ballini & Aykut I. Ölcer, 2023. "Consolidating Port Decarbonisation Implementation: Concept, Pathways, Barriers, Solutions, and Opportunities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-28, September.
    10. Pivetta, D. & Dall’Armi, C. & Sandrin, P. & Bogar, M. & Taccani, R., 2024. "The role of hydrogen as enabler of industrial port area decarbonization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    11. Wang, Jinggai & Zhong, Meisu & Wang, Tianni & Ge, Ying-En, 2023. "Identifying industry-related opinions on shore power from a survey in China," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 65-81.
    12. Dong-Ping Song, 2024. "A Literature Review of Seaport Decarbonisation: Solution Measures and Roadmap to Net Zero," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-32, February.
    13. Jon Williamsson & Nicole Costa & Vendela Santén & Sara Rogerson, 2022. "Barriers and Drivers to the Implementation of Onshore Power Supply—A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-16, May.
    14. Alaa Othman & Sara El-gazzar & Matjaz Knez, 2022. "A Framework for Adopting a Sustainable Smart Sea Port Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-26, April.
    15. Zhen, Lu & Wang, Wencheng & Lin, Shumin, 2022. "Analytical comparison on two incentive policies for shore power equipped ships in berthing activities," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    16. Xianfeng Xu & Ke Wang & Yong Lu & Yunbo Tian & Liqun Hu & Ming Zhong, 2023. "Research on Performance Evaluation Index System and Assessment Methods for Microgrid Operation in the Port Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-16, October.
    17. Nur Najihah Abu Bakar & Josep M. Guerrero & Juan C. Vasquez & Najmeh Bazmohammadi & Yun Yu & Abdullah Abusorrah & Yusuf A. Al-Turki, 2021. "A Review of the Conceptualization and Operational Management of Seaport Microgrids on the Shore and Seaside," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-31, November.
    18. Marcelo Amaral & Nuno Amaro & Pedro Arsénio, 2023. "Methodology for Assessing Power Needs for Onshore Power Supply in Maritime Ports," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-18, December.
    19. Xu, Lijie & Hu, Hui & Ji, Jie & Cai, Jingyong & Dai, Leyang, 2024. "Hybrid energy saving performance of translucent CdTe photovoltaic window on small ship under sailing condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    20. Antoine Boche & Clément Foucher & Luiz Fernando Lavado Villa, 2022. "Understanding Microgrid Sustainability: A Systemic and Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-29, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:178:y:2023:i:c:s1364032123000990. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.