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Energy, environment and development in Bhutan

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  • Uddin, Sk Noim
  • Taplin, Ros
  • Yu, Xiaojiang

Abstract

Bhutan's energy and environmental situation and approaches to development are reviewed and analyzed in this paper. Conservation of natural resources and human happiness have been placed as central strategic policy themes and have been given high priority in the national development plans of Bhutan. Bhutan's unique approach to development via Gross National Happiness (GNH) or the Middle Path of development is being facilitated by the Royal Government of Bhutan as a tool to balance poverty alleviation, environmental conservation and development. However, challenges exist due to the constraints of resources, good governance, legal frameworks, and human capacity. This paper reviews selected sustainable energy projects (e.g. energy from renewables or energy conservation) in Bhutan and finds that in fact, Bhutan's renewable energy resources (e.g. water and forests) which have proved to be indispensable for development are vulnerable due to the adverse impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. Appropriate measures in order to reduce potential environmental degradation and mitigate climate change impacts have been acknowledged globally and these have potential for application in Bhutan. For example, implementation of sustainable energy projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol could offer an opportunity for mitigating climate change impacts and also contributing to sustainable development.

Suggested Citation

  • Uddin, Sk Noim & Taplin, Ros & Yu, Xiaojiang, 2007. "Energy, environment and development in Bhutan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(9), pages 2083-2103, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:11:y:2007:i:9:p:2083-2103
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kezang & Whalley, Jason, 2004. "Telecommunications in the land of the Thunder Dragon: recent developments in Bhutan," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(11), pages 785-800, December.
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    1. Mahlia, T.M.I. & Tohno, S. & Tezuka, T., 2012. "A review on fuel economy test procedure for automobiles: Implementation possibilities in Malaysia and lessons for other countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 4029-4046.
    2. Bhutto, Abdul Waheed & Bazmi, Aqeel Ahmed & Zahedi, Gholamreza, 2012. "Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan-hydel power prospective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 2732-2746.
    3. Feuerbacher, Arndt & Siebold, Matthias & Chhetri, Ashit & Lippert, Christian & Sander, Klas, 2016. "Increasing forest utilization within Bhutan's forest conservation framework: The economic benefits of charcoal production," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 99-111.
    4. Noim Uddin, Sk & Taplin, Ros, 2009. "Trends in renewable energy strategy development and the role of CDM in Bangladesh," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 281-289, January.
    5. Feuerbacher, Arndt & Rai, Arun & Lofgren, Hans & Sander, Klas & Grethe, Harald, 2021. "Policies to reconcile forest conservation and rural development: A pathway to bridge the forest transition in Bhutan?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    6. Rayamajhee, Veeshan & Joshi, Aakrit, 2018. "Economic trade-offs between hydroelectricity production and environmental externalities: A case for local externality mitigation fund," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PA), pages 237-244.
    7. Agurto Adrianzén, Marcos, 2013. "Improved cooking stoves and firewood consumption: Quasi-experimental evidence from the Northern Peruvian Andes," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 135-143.
    8. Huang, Hui-Fen & Lo, Shang-Lien, 2011. "Review and classify the GHGs-related indicators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 594-602, January.
    9. Sharma, Naveen Kumar & Tiwari, Prashant Kumar & Sood, Yog Raj, 2013. "A comprehensive analysis of strategies, policies and development of hydropower in India: Special emphasis on small hydro power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 460-470.
    10. Arabatzis, Garyfallos & Malesios, Chrisovalantis, 2013. "Pro-environmental attitudes of users and non-users of fuelwood in a rural area of Greece," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 621-630.
    11. Harsha Meenawat & Benjamin Sovacool, 2011. "Improving adaptive capacity and resilience in Bhutan," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 16(5), pages 515-533, June.
    12. Yangka, Dorji & Diesendorf, Mark, 2016. "Modeling the benefits of electric cooking in Bhutan: A long term perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 494-503.
    13. Sk Uddin & Ros Taplin & Xiaojiang Yu, 2010. "Towards a sustainable energy future—exploring current barriers and potential solutions in Thailand," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 63-87, February.

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