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Promoted ZSM-5 catalysts for the production of bio-aromatics, a review

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  • Lok, C.M.
  • Van Doorn, J.
  • Aranda Almansa, G.

Abstract

This review covers the research and industrial activities on mainly Ga- and Zn-promoted ZSM-5 catalysts for the production of bio-aromatics in the thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste. The promoted ZSM-5 catalysts currently favoured in biomass aromatization have not initially been designed for biomass processing, but for the conversion of petrochemical feeds. In biomass pyrolysis, however, aromatization catalysts have to perform additional tasks to aromatization, such as cracking, reforming, decarboxylation, decarbonylation and the water-gas shift reaction. In addition, catalysts in biomass processing may have to operate with feeds containing acids, sulphur, nitrogen and minerals. Nevertheless, there is great similarity between the optimum catalysts for both petrochemical and biomass aromatization. The preferred aromatization catalysts for both gasification and pyrolysis are Ga- and Zn-promoted ZSM-5 catalysts that synergistically combine a dehydrogenation and an acidic function. Reduced extra-framework Ga cations residing at ZSM-5 exchange positions in close proximity to Brønsted acid sites are the likely active sites for aromatization. For Ga a reduction/oxidation activation procedure to form these sites is beneficial. For Zn/ZSM-5 catalysts ZnOH+ species appear to be the active sites. For these catalysts no reduction/oxidation activation is required. The key process parameters for aromatization are a temperature of 400–550 °C and a low space velocity of 0.5–1.0 h−1. In agreement with the bifunctional nature of Ga/ZSM-5 there exists an optimal Ga loading for each SAR. Best results were obtained with a molar ratio Ga/H+ or Zn/H+ close to 1.0. These catalysts also show the best stability.

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  • Lok, C.M. & Van Doorn, J. & Aranda Almansa, G., 2019. "Promoted ZSM-5 catalysts for the production of bio-aromatics, a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:113:y:2019:i:c:46
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109248
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Götz, Manuel & Lefebvre, Jonathan & Mörs, Friedemann & McDaniel Koch, Amy & Graf, Frank & Bajohr, Siegfried & Reimert, Rainer & Kolb, Thomas, 2016. "Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 1371-1390.
    2. Kuo, Yen-Ting & Almansa, G. Aranda & Vreugdenhil, B.J., 2018. "Catalytic aromatization of ethylene in syngas from biomass to enhance economic sustainability of gas production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 21-30.
    3. Jacek Grams & Agnieszka M. Ruppert, 2017. "Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-25, April.
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    1. Li, Chao & Zhang, Lei & Li, Yuannian & Li, Baihong & Fan, Mengjiao & Zhang, Lijun & Zhang, Shu & Li, Bin & Wang, Shuang & Hu, Xun, 2023. "Pyrolysis of sawdust impregnated with xylose: Tailoring property of biochar with sugar-derived intermediates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 55-64.
    2. Xiao, Yuan & Liao, Shengqi & Xu, Shuguang & Li, Jianmei & Lu, Zhiyun & Hu, Changwei, 2022. "Selective transformation of typical sugars to lactic acid catalyzed by dealuminated ZSM-5 supported erbium," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 551-560.

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